The Universal Rule (Universal Rule for Yachts) determined a yacht's eligibility to race in the America's Cup from 1914 to 1937 and for this the J-class was chosen. Boats built according to the rule reached their peak in the large J-class yachts. This Rating Rule is intended to calculate a rating for yachts, which can then be used to calculate its Time Correction Factor (T.C.F.) in order to have disparate yachts racing against each other. The first boat said to be built under the universal rule was Nathanael Greene Herreshoff's Doris built in 1905.
Before 1914, the Seawanhaka Rule was used for America's Cup racing, and after 1937 smaller boats were desirable, and so the International Rule gained popularity in the 12-Metre Class and smaller to the detriment of the M-class and smaller and became the standard. The 6, 8 and 12 Metre Classes and from 1948 on the 5.5 Metre, were the most popular and the 12-Metre was used for the America's Cup until 1987, the last year the America's Cup was sailed in 12-meter yachts.
Yacht designerNathanael Herreshoff devised the rule in 1902 "Herreshoff Rule" and accepted by the New York Yacht Club as the rule-making body for 1903.[1][2] Herreshoff had designed winning America's Cup yachts which fully exploited the Seawanhaka rule, which was based only on a yacht's upright waterline length and sail area, to create narrow boats with long overhangs. This reached its peak with Reliance, the defender of the 1903 America's Cup, which was described as a "racing freak", suitable only for certain conditions.[3] This prompted Herreshoff to propose a rule which also took into account the displacement of the boat.[4]
Universal Rule formulaedit
Mathematically, the Universal Rule formula as introduced in 1903 was: [5]
Variables:
L - Rated boat length, definition tweaked from year to year by the New York Yacht Club
S - Measured sail area, up to 1923 to British Navy method, then amended for 3/4 mast-height jibstay and foresails, after the 1928 IYRU London Conference same as Metre-boats of the International Rule. See J-class.
D - Dead-weight by weighing, no sails no provisions, converted by formula to the equivalent cubic feet of seawater.
R - Rating
The numerator contains a yacht's speed-giving elements, length and sail area, while the retarding quantity of displacement is in the denominator. Also the result will be dimensionally correct; R will be a linear unit of length (such as feet or meters). Sailing craft are thus rated when their R rating falls within a certain range. J-Class boats, for example, are any single masted craft with an R between 65 and 76 feet (adjusted upward from original to allow British yachts under the International Rule to compete.
The listing for single mast boats, namely classes I through S.
Class I: Rating = 76– 88 feet. (Skene 1941) harv error: no target: CITEREFSkene1941 (help) indicates this applicable to yachts from around 1930:
Universal Rule:
where
L.W.L. = Length (on) Waterline, measured in measurement trim, in upright position[6][7]
q.b.l. = quarter-beam length, measured at the quarter-beam position of the maximum beam (mainframe)on the inside of the hull to the inside of the hull skin
The length factor in the 1903 Formula is the Measurement Length[7]
Note: The 1941 edition of Norman Skene's book (posthumously (1878-1932)) is the most up to date outside the confidential notes of the Rules Commission notes of the New York Yacht Club. Skene was the designer of J-Class yacht "Yankee" (1930)[citation needed], America's Cup contender, eliminated in the last selection match,[10] so had access to these rules.
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This article is about yachting For universal rules in logic see Categorical proposition This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting June 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message The Universal Rule Universal Rule for Yachts determined a yacht s eligibility to race in the America s Cup from 1914 to 1937 and for this the J class was chosen Boats built according to the rule reached their peak in the large J class yachts This Rating Rule is intended to calculate a rating for yachts which can then be used to calculate its Time Correction Factor T C F in order to have disparate yachts racing against each other The first boat said to be built under the universal rule was Nathanael Greene Herreshoff s Doris built in 1905 Before 1914 the Seawanhaka Rule was used for America s Cup racing and after 1937 smaller boats were desirable and so the International Rule gained popularity in the 12 Metre Class and smaller to the detriment of the M class and smaller and became the standard The 6 8 and 12 Metre Classes and from 1948 on the 5 5 Metre were the most popular and the 12 Metre was used for the America s Cup until 1987 the last year the America s Cup was sailed in 12 meter yachts Yacht designer Nathanael Herreshoff devised the rule in 1902 Herreshoff Rule and accepted by the New York Yacht Club as the rule making body for 1903 1 2 Herreshoff had designed winning America s Cup yachts which fully exploited the Seawanhaka rule which was based only on a yacht s upright waterline length and sail area to create narrow boats with long overhangs This reached its peak with Reliance the defender of the 1903 America s Cup which was described as a racing freak suitable only for certain conditions 3 This prompted Herreshoff to propose a rule which also took into account the displacement of the boat 4 Universal Rule formula editMathematically the Universal Rule formula as introduced in 1903 was R 0 2 L S D 3 displaystyle R frac 0 2 cdot L cdot sqrt S sqrt 3 D nbsp 5 Variables L Rated boat length definition tweaked from year to year by the New York Yacht Club S Measured sail area up to 1923 to British Navy method then amended for 3 4 mast height jibstay and foresails after the 1928 IYRU London Conference same as Metre boats of the International Rule See J class D Dead weight by weighing no sails no provisions converted by formula to the equivalent cubic feet of seawater R Rating The numerator contains a yacht s speed giving elements length and sail area while the retarding quantity of displacement is in the denominator Also the result will be dimensionally correct R will be a linear unit of length such as feet or meters Sailing craft are thus rated when their R rating falls within a certain range J Class boats for example are any single masted craft with an R between 65 and 76 feet adjusted upward from original to allow British yachts under the International Rule to compete The listing for single mast boats namely classes I through S Class I Rating 76 88 feet Skene 1941 harv error no target CITEREFSkene1941 help indicates this applicable to yachts from around 1930 Universal Rule Rating 0 182 L S a i l A r e a D i s p l a c e m e n t 3 displaystyle textbf Rating frac 0 182 cdot textbf L cdot sqrt SailArea sqrt 3 Displacement nbsp where L L W L 5 q b l 100 L W L 100 L W L displaystyle textbf L L W L 5 q b l frac 100 sqrt L W L 100 cdot L W L nbsp L W L Length on Waterline measured in measurement trim in upright position 6 7 q b l quarter beam length measured at the quarter beam position of the maximum beam mainframe on the inside of the hull to the inside of the hull skin The length factor in the 1903 Formula is the Measurement Length 7 The yachts were divided into Development Classes Class J Rating 65 76 feet Class K Rating 55 65 feet Class L Rating 46 55 feet Class M Rating 38 46 feet Class N Rating 31 38 feet Class P Rating 25 31 feet Class Q Rating 20 25 feet Class R Rating 17 20 feet Class S Rating 0 17 feet Incorrect upper limits should read 16 x feet etc 7 The Pond Racing Yacht Marble head is related to the Universal Rule 8 The current International A class yacht retains several elements of the Universal Rule in its formulas 9 There were multi mast classes too running Class A to Class H See also editSquare Metre Rule sailing Ton class International or Metre Rule Footnotes Note The 1941 edition of Norman Skene s book posthumously 1878 1932 is the most up to date outside the confidential notes of the Rules Commission notes of the New York Yacht Club Skene was the designer of J Class yacht Yankee 1930 citation needed America s Cup contender eliminated in the last selection match 10 so had access to these rules New York Yacht Club website www nyyc org and New York Yacht Club The M yacht website extant J Class Racing Association J Class Yachts Association website www jclassyachts com news J Class Sparkman amp Stephens www sparkmanstephens com yachtdesign sailyachts jclass designs php America s Cup Book 1851 1983 John Rousmaniere The Herreshoff Marine Museum website www herreshoff org and Herreshoff Marine Museum Twelve Meter Challenges for the America s Cup Norris D Hoyt 1977 The Guinness Book of Yachting Facts and Feats Peter Johnson editor 1975 Sensible Cruising designs L Frances Herreshoff 1991 contains lines of two J class yachts Mystic Seaport Museum www mysticseaport org and Mystic Seaport Several articles by Wooden Boat magazine on S R Q P M and J Classes WoodenBoat Magazine www woodenboat com The Twelve Metre Yacht Its Evolution and Design 1906 1987 Chris Freer The America s Cup The History of Sailing s Greatest Competition in the Twentieth Century by Dennis Conner Author Michael Levitt Author 1992 Olin J Stephens II Lines A half century of Yacht Designs by Sparkman amp Stephens 1930 1980 2002 David R Godine ISBN 978 1 56792 195 3 Vim a Twelve Meter Design by Sparkman and Stephens Aero hydrodynamics of sailing Czeslaw Antony Marchaj ISBN 0 229 98652 8 1928 IYRU London Conference 11 Biography Norman l Skene by John G Evans Sciences 360 www sciences360 comReferences edit The Herreshoff Marine Museum Twelve Meter Challenges for the America s Cup Norris D Hoyt 1977 ISBN 9780525224501 The New York Times coverage articles 1903 universalrule com History of the Universal Rule of Measurement Archived from the original on 2012 03 08 Retrieved 2013 06 11 Norman L Skene 2001 1904 Elements of Yacht Design The Rudder publishing company p 146 ISBN 978 1 57409 134 2 Seawanhaka Rule a b c Skene 1941 sfn error no target CITEREFSkene1941 help 2007 M Class Model Yacht Championship A Class Wooden Boat magazine article International Rule sailing and http www americascupmasters com The Flica Project html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Universal rule amp oldid 1220066390, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
