USS Lenape
USS Lenape (ID-2700) was a troop transport for the United States Navy in 1918, during World War I. She was launched in 1912 as SS Lenape, a passenger steamer for the Clyde Line. After the entry of the United States into World War I in 1917, she was chartered by the United States Army as transport USAT Lenape. After her Navy service ended in October 1918, she was returned to the Army.
USS Lenape (ID-2700) on 20 August 1918. Note the coal barges and Lenape's open coaling doors. | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| United States | |
| Name | USS Lenape (ID-2700) |
| Builder |
|
| Launched | 1912 |
| Acquired | 10 April 1918 |
| Commissioned | 24 April 1918 |
| Decommissioned | before 28 October 1918 |
| Stricken | before 28 October 1918 |
| Fate | returned to U.S. Army, 28 October 1918 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 3,389 GRT[2] |
| Displacement | 7,000 t[1] |
| Length | 398 ft (121 m) |
| Beam | 50 ft (15 m) |
| Draft | 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m) |
| Speed | 15 knots (28 km/h) |
| Troops | |
| Complement | 226 |
| Armament |
|
Early career edit
Lenape was launched by Newport News Shipbuilding Co. of Newport News, Virginia, in 1912 for the Clyde Steamship Company, known as the Clyde Line. She operated as a passenger steamer on the East Coast of the United States, typically on a New York City–Charleston–Jacksonville route.[3][4]
After the United States declared war on Germany, the units that comprised the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) were selected in early May and ordered to Europe within 30 days. The Army, needing transports to get the men and materiel to France, re-formed the Army Transport Service.[5] A committee of shipping executives pored over registries of American shipping and, on 28 May 1917, selected Lenape and thirteen other American ships that were sufficiently fast, could carry enough coal in their bunkers for transatlantic crossings, and, most importantly, were in port or not far at sea.[6][7] After Lenape discharged her last load of passengers, she was officially chartered by the Army on 1 June.[8]
Army career edit
Before any troop transportation could be undertaken, all of the ships had to be hastily refitted—in little more than two weeks in the case of Lenape. Of the fourteen ships, ten, including Lenape, were designated to carry human passengers; the other four were designated as animal ships. The ten ships designated to carry troops had to have all of their second- and third-class accommodations ripped out and replaced with berths for troops. Cooking and toilet facilities had to be greatly expanded to handle the large numbers of men aboard. Structural reinforcement below the platforms was required before the ships could outfit for guns at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.[9]
The American convoy carrying the AEF was broken into four groups;[10] Lenape was in the second group with Momus, Antilles, and escorts consisting of cruiser Birmingham, armed yacht Aphrodite, and destroyers Fanning, Burrows, Lamson.[11][12] Major General William L. Sibert and the headquarters of the First Division along with the supply companies and one battalion (of three) of the 26th Infantry Regiment embarked on Lenape at New York.[13] The ship, under the command of U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander P. E. Dampman,[14] departed with her group on 14 June for Brest, France, steaming at a comfortable 14-knot (26 km/h) pace.[15] Fanning soon traded places with converted yacht Corsair from the first group, when that ship was unable to maintain the lead group's 15-knot (28 km/h) pace.[16] A thwarted submarine attack on the first convoy group,[17] and reports of heavy submarine activity off of Brest resulted in a change in the convoy's destination to Saint-Nazaire.[18]
As Lenape 's group neared France, U.S. destroyers based at Queenstown, Ireland, and French destroyers joined to escort the convoy. Just before noon 26 June, while the group was 100 nautical miles (190 km) off the coast of France, a submarine was sighted in the distance. It submerged when the escorting destroyers converged on its position, escaping without firing a shot. About two hours later another sub was sighted and chased by Cummings, one of the Queenstown destroyers. Cummings depth charged the location of the sub and noted debris and an oil slick on the surface after one explosion.[19] The convoy arrived at Saint-Nazaire the next day.
After returning to the United States, Lenape sailed on 24 September as part of the 8th convoy with Henderson, Antilles, Finland and escorted by cruiser San Diego.[20] According to Crowell and Wilson, the 8th group was "destined to misfortune". Three days out from New York, Lenape developed engine trouble and was compelled to return to port. On their return journeys, Antilles was torpedoed and sunk, while Finland, also torpedoed, managed to limp back to Brest.[21]
edit
Lenape did not make any more transatlantic crossings under Army control,[22] and was acquired by the Navy 10 April 1918. Commissioned on 24 April under command of Commander Robert Morris, the Lenape shifted south to Newport News, Virginia, for her next convoy, her first as a commissioned Navy vessel.[23]
Embarking a contingent of troops that included the 122nd Machine Gun Battalion of the 33rd Infantry Division,[24] Lenape sailed at 18:30 on 10 May, accompanied by American transports Pastores, Wilhelmina, Princess Matoika, Antigone, and Susquehanna, the British steamer Kursk, and the Italian Duca d'Aosta. The group rendezvoused with a similar group that left New York the same day, consisting of President Lincoln, Covington, Rijndam, British troopship Dwinsk, and Italian steamers Caserta and Dante Alighieri.[25][26] American cruiser Frederick served as escort for the assembled ships, which were the 35th U.S. convoy of the war.[25] On 20 May, the convoy sighted and fired on a "submarine" that turned out to be a bucket; the next day escort Frederick left the convoy after being relieved by nine destroyers. Three days later the convoy sighted land at 06:30 and anchored at Brest that afternoon.[27] Lenape sailed for Newport News and arrived there safely on 6 June with Pastores and Princess Matoika. Fate, however, was not as kind to former convoy mates President Lincoln and Dwinsk. On their return journeys they were sunk by German submarines U-90 and U-151, respectively.[28][29]
Lenape set sail from Newport News on 14 June with Wilhelmina, Pastores, Princess Matoika, and British steamer Czar. On the morning of 16 June, lookouts on Princess Matoika spotted a submarine and, soon after, a torpedo heading directly for that ship. The torpedo missed her by a few yards and gunners manning the ship's 6-inch (150 mm) guns claimed a hit on the sub with their second shot.[30] Later that morning, the Newport News ships met up with the New York portion of the convoy—which included DeKalb, Finland, Kroonland, George Washington, Covington, Rijndam, Dante Alighieri, and British steamer Vauben—and set out for France.[31][32] The convoy was escorted by cruisers North Carolina and Frederick, and destroyers Stevens and Fairfax;[32] battleship Texas and several other destroyers joined in escort duties for the group for a time.[31] The convoy had a false alarm when a floating barrel was mistaken for submarine, but otherwise uneventfully arrived at Brest on the afternoon of 27 June.[32][33] Lenape, Covington, Princess Matoika, Rijndam, George Washington, DeKalb, Wilhelmina, and Dante Alighieri left Brest as a group on 30 June.[34] The following evening at 21:15, Covington was torpedoed by U-86 and sank the next afternoon.[34][35] Lenape, Rijndam, and Dante Alighieri arrived back in the United States on 12 July.[32]
Lenape took on board 1,853 officers and men and sailed from Hoboken, New Jersey on 18 July in the company of George Washington, Rijndam, Antigone, Ophir, and the Italian steamer Regina d'Italia. Joined by a Newport News group, all arrived safely in France on 30 July.[36][37] Arriving back stateside on 13 August, Lenape sailed again from New York with 2,024 troops nine days later in convoy with President Grant, Wilhelmina, DeKalb, Rijndam, Toloa, and the French steamer Sobral.[38][39]
Returning from her final cruise for the Navy on 17 September,[40] Lenape was returned to the Army 28 October.[23] In February 1919, Lenape was returned to the Clyde Line.[41]
Sinks at NYC Pier edit
On Wednesday, 12 October 1921, The New York Times reported that on the previous day, the Lenape, moored on the north side of Pier 36, North River, filled with water and sank at her pier. The accident happened between 9 and 10 a.m. Officials of the line refrained from giving out any information, and neither police nor Naval Communications Service were informed of the sinking until late that night. Only the crew were on board the steamship, and they climbed to safety on the pier before the vessel sank.
The Lenape was in the New York-Charleston-Jacksonville Clyde line service. She had just arrived on her last voyage Sunday and was due to sail again on the following Saturday.
No cargo was on board, and the damage, according to wreckers in charge of raising the vessel, was comparatively slight. Soon after the vessel went down, the Merritt & Chapman Wrecking Company was notified and sent three wrecking tugs to raise the ship.
According to a report made on the night of the accident by the wreckers, the engine room and after part of the Lenape were filled with water, but the forward holds were dry, with the bow of the steamship sticking out of the water, high and dry. It was thought by the wreckers that members of the engine room force were working on the ship seacocks and that these valves had been opened. After opening, it is believed the men found it impossible to close them again. Captain I. M. Tooker of the wrecking company said he expected to raise the steamship by the following morning.[42]
Notes edit
- ^ a b Gleaves, p. 246–47.
- ^ "Lenape". DANFS. Crowell and Wilson give the gross tonnage as 5,200 (p. 315).
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 315.
- ^ "Sailings". AGWI Steamship News. VII (1). Atlantic, Gulf and West Indies Steamship Lines. January 1916. OCLC 42279804. (A summary of Lenape 's route can be found at the Clyde Line page at Maritime Timetable Images.)
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 313.
- ^ Sharpe, p. 359.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 314.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 315–16.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 316.
- ^ The individual groups of the first convoy were typically counted as separate convoys in post-war sources. See, for example, Crowell and Wilson, Appendix G, p. 603.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 38.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson (p. 603) show USS Henderson (AP-1) in the second group as well.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 23–24.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 34.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 42.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 41–42.
- ^ Gleaves, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 45.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 405–06.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 603.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 428.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 603–08. Lenape is missing from all convoy listings from September 1917 to May 1918.
- ^ a b Lenape. DANFS.
- ^ Pease, p. 1
- ^ a b Crowell and Wilson, p. 609.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 202.
- ^ Pollard, p. 27.
- ^ "President Lincoln". DANFS. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
- ^ German submarine activities, p. 48.
- ^ Cutchins and Stewart, p. 66.
- ^ a b Cutchins and Stewart, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d Crowell and Wilson, p. 610–11.
- ^ Cutchins and Stewart, p. 68.
- ^ a b Feuer, p. 63.
- ^ "Covington". DANFS. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 554
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 613.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 557
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 329–30.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 615.
- ^ Crowell and Wilson, p. 319.
- ^ "Clyde Liner Lenape Sinks at Her Pier, The New York Times, Oct. 12, 1921".
References edit
- Crowell, Benedict; Robert Forrest Wilson (1921). The Road to France: The Transportation of Troops and Military Supplies, 1917–1918. How America Went to War: An Account From Official Sources of the Nation's War Activities, 1917–1920. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 1-143-73956-6. OCLC 18696066.
- Cutchins, John A.; George Scott Stewart, Jr. (1921). History of the Twenty-ninth division, "Blue and gray," 1917–1919. Philadelphia: Press of MacCalla & Co. OCLC 3260003.
- Feuer, A. B. (1999). The U.S. Navy in World War I: Combat at Sea and in the Air. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96212-8. OCLC 40595325.
- Gleaves, Albert (1921). A History of the Transport Service: Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War. New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 976757.
- Naval Historical Center. "Covington". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- Naval Historical Center. "Lenape". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- Naval Historical Center. "President Lincoln". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- Office of Naval Records (1920). German submarine activities on the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 2211657.
- Sharpe, Henry Granville (1921). The Quartermaster Corps in the Year 1917 in the World War. New York: Century Co. ISBN 1-116-00569-7. OCLC 7980339.
- Pease, Theodore Calvin; Illinois State Historical Library (1921–23). Illinois in the World War. Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library. OCLC 1184563.
- Pollard, James E. (1919). The Forty-Seventh Infantry: A History, 1917–1918, 1919. Saginaw, Michigan: Press of Seeman & Peters. OCLC 3067517.
External links edit
- Photo gallery of Lenape at NavSource Naval History
- Naval Historical Center:USS Lenape