90th Infantry Division (United States)
The 90th Infantry Division ("Tough 'Ombres"[1]) was a unit of the United States Army that served in World War I and World War II. Its lineage is carried on by the 90th Sustainment Brigade.
| 90th Infantry Division | |
|---|---|
90th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia | |
| Active | 1917–1919 1921–1945 1995–present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Division |
| Garrison/HQ | San Antonio, TX |
| Nickname(s) | "Tough 'Ombres" (special designation)[1] Texas-Oklahoma Division |
| Engagements | World War I |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | James A. Van Fleet Raymond S. McLain |
World War I edit
- Activated: August 1917.
- Overseas: June 1918.
- Major Operations: St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne.
- Casualties: Total-7,549 (KIA-1,091; WIA-6,458).
- Commanders: Maj. Gen. Henry T. Allen (25 August 1917), Brig. Gen. Joseph A. Gaston (23 November 1917), Brig. Gen. William Johnston Jr. (27 December 1917), Maj. Gen. Henry T. Allen (1 March 1918), Brig. Gen. Joseph P. O'Neil (24 November 1918), Maj. Gen. Charles H. Martin (30 December 1918).
- Returned to U.S. and inactivated: June 1919.
Order of battle edit
- Headquarters, 90th Division
- 179th Infantry Brigade
- 357th Infantry Regiment
- 358th Infantry Regiment
- 344th Machine Gun Battalion
- 180th Infantry Brigade
- 359th Infantry Regiment
- 360th Infantry Regiment
- 345th Machine Gun Battalion
- 165th Field Artillery Brigade
- 343rd Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
- 344th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
- 345th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
- 315th Trench Mortar Battery
- 343rd Machine Gun Battalion
- 315th Engineer Regiment
- 315th Medical Regiment
- 315th Field Signal Battalion
- Headquarters Troop, 90th Division
- 315th Train Headquarters and Military Police
- 315th Ammunition Train
- 315th Supply Train
- 315th Engineer Train
- 315th Sanitary Train
- 357th, 358th, 359th, and 360th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals
Interwar period edit
The division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921 and assigned to the state of Texas. The headquarters was organized on 8 August 1921.
World War II edit
- Ordered into active military service: 25 March 1942 at Camp Barkley, Texas.
- Overseas: 23 March 1944.
- Distinguished Unit Citations: 5.
- Campaigns: Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
- Awards: MH-4 ; DSC-54 ; DSM-4 ; SS-1,418 ; LM-19; DFC-4 ; SM-55 ; BSM-6,140 ; AM-121.
- Commanders: Maj. Gen. Henry Terrell Jr. (March 1942 – January 1944), Brig. Gen. Jay W. MacKelvie (5 April 1944), Maj. Gen. Eugene M. Landrum (13 June 1944), Maj. Gen. Raymond S. McLain (30 July 1944), Maj. Gen. James A. Van Fleet (15 October 1944), Maj. Gen. Lowell W. Rooks (22 January 1945), Maj. Gen. Herbert L. Earnest (2 March 1945).[2]
- Assistant Division Commanders: Brig. Gen. Charles W. Ryder (March − May 1942), Brig. Gen. Alan W. Jones (1942–1943), Brig. Gen. Samuel Tankersley Williams (February 1943 − July 1944), Brig. Gen. William G. Weaver (July − November 1944), Brig. Gen. Joseph M. Tully
- Artillery Commanders: George D. Shea (July 1942 – September 1943)[3]
- Returned to U.S.: 16 December 1945.
- Inactivated: 27 December 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.
Order of battle edit
- Headquarters, 90th Infantry Division
- 357th Infantry Regiment
- 358th Infantry Regiment
- 359th Infantry Regiment
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 90th Infantry Division Artillery
- 343rd Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
- 344th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
- 345th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
- 915th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
- 315th Engineer Combat Battalion
- 315th Medical Battalion
- 90th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
- Headquarters, Special Troops, 90th Infantry Division
- Headquarters Company, 90th Infantry Division
- 790th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
- 90th Quartermaster Company
- 90th Signal Company
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 90th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
Combat chronicle edit
The 90th Infantry Division landed in England, 5 April 1944, and trained from 10 April to 4 June.
The first elements of the division saw action on D-Day, 6 June, on Utah Beach, Normandy, the remainder entering combat 10 June, cutting across the Merderet River to take Pont l'Abbe in heavy fighting. After defensive action along the river Douve, the division attacked to clear the Foret de Mont-Castre (Hill 122), clearing it by 11 July, in spite of fierce resistance. In this action, the division suffered 5,000 men killed, wounded, or captured, one of the highest casualty rates suffered in WWII. An attack on the island of Saint-Germain-sur-Sèves on 23 July failed so the 90th bypassed it and took Périers on 27 July.
On 12 August, the division drove across the Sarthe River, north and east of Le Mans, and took part in the closing of the Falaise Gap, by reaching 1st Polish Armored Division in Chambois, 19 August.
It then raced across France, through Verdun, 6 September, to participate in the siege of Metz, 14 September – 19 November, capturing Maizières-lès-Metz, 30 October, and crossing the Moselle River at Kœnigsmacker, 9 November. Elements of the 90th Infantry assaulted and captured the German-held Fort de Koenigsmacker 9–12 November.
On 6 December 1944, the division pushed across the Saar River and established a bridgehead north of Saarlautern (present-day Saarlouis), 6–18 December, but with the outbreak of Gerd von Rundstedt's (Army Group A) drive, the Battle of the Bulge, withdrew to the west bank on 19 December, and went on the defensive until 5 January 1945, when it shifted to the scene of the Ardennes struggle, having been relieved along the Saar River by the 94th Infantry Division. It drove across the Our River, near Oberhausen, 29 January, to establish and expand a bridgehead. On 19 February, the division smashed through Siegfried Line fortifications to the Prüm River.
After a short rest, the 90th continued across the Moselle River to take Mainz, 22 March, and crossed the rivers Rhine, the Main, and the Werra in rapid succession. Pursuit continued to the Czech border, 18 April 1945, and into the Sudetes mountain range. The division was en route to Prague when they came upon the remaining 1500 emaciated prisoners left behind by the SS at Flossenbürg concentration camp. Today, a memorial wall at the former camp honors the 90th as the liberators of Flossenbürg concentration camp.[4] A week later, word came that the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945.
Casualties edit
- Total battle casualties: 19,200[5]
- Killed in action: 3,342[5]
- Wounded in action: 14,386[5]
- Missing in action: 287[5]
- Prisoner of war: 1,185[5]
Assignments in ETO edit
- 5 March 1944: Third Army.
- 23 March 1944: Third Army, but attached to First Army.
- 27 March 1944: VII Corps.
- 19 June 1944: VIII Corps.
- 30 July 1944: Third Army, but attached to First Army.
- 1 August 1944: XV Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 17 August 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group, but attached to V Corps, First Army.
- 25 August 1944: XV Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
- 26 August 1944: XX Corps
- 6 January 1945: III Corps.
- 26 January 1945: VIII Corps.
- 12 March 1945: XII Corps.
General edit
- Nickname: Tough 'Ombres; during World War I, the division was called the Texas-Oklahoma Division, represented by the T and O on the shoulder patch.
- Shoulder patch: A khaki-colored square on which is superimposed a red letter "T", the lower part of which bisects the letter "O", also in red.
Notable personnel edit
- Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. served with this division as a battalion commander in 1918 and later served in World War II
- James A. Baker Jr.
- William H. H. Morris Jr.
References edit
- ^ a b . United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ . www.history.army.mil. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008.
- ^ Andre, John A., ed. (April 1951). "From Private to General". Life of the Soldier and Airman. Governors Island, NY: Recruiting Publicity Bureau, U.S. Army. p. 9 – via Google Books.
- ^ Memorial Plaque honoring the 90th Infantry Division's liberation of Flossenburg
- ^ a b c d e Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
- Combat Chronicles: "90th Infantry Division" 21 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. – The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. – 1950. – pp. 510–592. Hosted at the United States Army Center of Military History.
- Wythe, George. A History of the 90th Division. New York, N.Y.: 90th division Association, 1920. OCLC 1237202
External links edit
- Tough 'Ombres! The Story of the 90th Infantry Division
- Official Website of the Tough 'Ombres
- Order of Battle 90Th ID European Center of Military History
- 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group – Living History & Reenactment Articles
- "Tough 'Ombres!", Company "B", 359th Regiment, 90th Infantry Division Living History & Reenactment – Tough 'Ombres!
- Raw Combat Footage of the 90th Infantry Division – Combat Reels