In 1712, a number of Maya communities in the Soconusco region of Chiapas rose in rebellion, in what is known as the Tzeltal Rebellion or Tzendal Rebellion. It was a multiethnic revolt, with 32 towns of Tzeltal (14), Tzotzil (15), and Chol (3) indigenous peoples participating in it. The indigenous renounced the authority of the Catholic hierarchy and established a priesthood of indigenous men. There was widespread military mobilization of indigenous men, who called themselves “soldiers of the Virgin.”[1][2]
Scholars have debated the origins of the conflict, but the causes are seen as increased labor and taxation demands when indigenous populations were low,[3] and when tribute in kind obligations were mandated to be in cash, forcing the indigenous into the Spanish economy. The rebellion took on an explicitly religious and anti-Spanish character, which "did not demand reform and justice within the regime. Instead, they challenged Spanish sovereignty, the clergy, and religious legitimation."[4] Local populations believed that the Virgin Mary had miraculously appeared to a young, married, indigenous woman, María de la Candelaria, outside the community of Cancuc.[5] According to María, the Virgin Mary had asked that a chapel be built in her honor.[6] The local priest, Father Simón García Lara doubted the miracle and had the indigenous who believed in it whipped.[7] Since the people of Cancuc wished the cult to be recognized and had not found that approval by the local priest, they sought out the bishop and sent a delegation to Ciudad Real. The bishop imprisoned most of them, but some escaped to tell of the mistreatment. An indigenous man, Sebastián Gómez de la Gloria, came to Cancuc from nearby Chenalhó and declared the solution to the problem of non-recognition of the Virgin’s cult by the Catholic hierarchy was to create an indigenous religious hierarchy.[8] The various indigenous towns raised military units, which were organized along a similar hierarchy to Spanish colonial units. They targeted the local Spanish population, wiping out Spanish troops, killing Spanish children, and carrying off the Spanish women as concubines. The Spanish women were forced to dress in indigenous attire and perform manual labor, such as grinding corn. Following the defeat of the revolt in 1713, these Spanish women were brought before the Mexican Inquisition and questioned intensively.[9] The Spanish military forces defeated the indigenous soldiers of the Virgin. The town of “Cancuc was obliterated and its inhabitants moved to other towns.”[10] The Spanish authorities had been alarmed at the size and the direction the rebellion had taken, a coordinated, multiethnic revolt that defied Spanish civil and ecclesiastical authority, necessitating a major military response. “The defeat of the revolt was so thorough that it left the province devastated and in deeper poverty.”[11] The Spanish executed nearly a hundred participants and those who escaped were relentlessly pursued over years.[12]
Bricker, Victoria Reifler. The Indian Christ, the Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual. Austin: University of Texas Press 1981, pp. 55-69.
Gosner, Kevin, Soldiers of the Virgin: An Ethohistorical Analysis of the Tzeltal Revolt of 1712 Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1992.
Viquiera, Juan Pedro. Indios rebeldes e idólatras: Dos ensayos históricos sobre la rebelión india de Cancuc, Chiapas, acaecida en el año de 1712. Mexico City 1997.
Wasserstrom, Robert. “Ethnic Violence and Indigenous Protest: The Tzeltal (Maya) Rebellion of 1712”. Journal of Latin American Studies 12 (1980): 1-19.
ReferencesEdit
^Victoria Reifler Bricker. The Indian Christ, the Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual. Austin: University of Texas Press 1981, p. 63.
^Kevin Gosner, Soldiers of the Virgin: An Ethohistorical Analysis of the Tzeltal Revolt of 1712. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1992.
^Murdo J. MacLeod, “Tzendal Rebellion” in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Vol. 5, p. 284. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1996.
^John Tutino, "Resistance and Rebellion" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, vol. 3, p. 70. New York: Oxford University Press 2001.
^Albán, Juan Pedro Viqueira, and Jan Rus. In Davíd Carrasco (ed)."Candelaria, María de La." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001ISBN9780195108156, 9780195188431
^Bricker, The Indian Christ, citing Francisco Ximénez, Historia de la Provincia de San Vicente de Chiapas y Guatemala de la Orden de Predicadores. Guatemala City: Biblioteca “Goathemala” de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia, 1929-31, vol. 3, p. 68.
^Bricker, The Indian Christ, pp. 63, p. 333. The testimonies of some of the women have been published in 1948 in the Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación 19(4), “Sublevacion de los indios tzendales, Año de 1713.”
tzeltal, rebellion, 1712, 1712, number, maya, communities, soconusco, region, chiapas, rose, rebellion, what, known, tzeltal, rebellion, tzendal, rebellion, multiethnic, revolt, with, towns, tzeltal, tzotzil, chol, indigenous, peoples, participating, indigenou. In 1712 a number of Maya communities in the Soconusco region of Chiapas rose in rebellion in what is known as the Tzeltal Rebellion or Tzendal Rebellion It was a multiethnic revolt with 32 towns of Tzeltal 14 Tzotzil 15 and Chol 3 indigenous peoples participating in it The indigenous renounced the authority of the Catholic hierarchy and established a priesthood of indigenous men There was widespread military mobilization of indigenous men who called themselves soldiers of the Virgin 1 2 Scholars have debated the origins of the conflict but the causes are seen as increased labor and taxation demands when indigenous populations were low 3 and when tribute in kind obligations were mandated to be in cash forcing the indigenous into the Spanish economy The rebellion took on an explicitly religious and anti Spanish character which did not demand reform and justice within the regime Instead they challenged Spanish sovereignty the clergy and religious legitimation 4 Local populations believed that the Virgin Mary had miraculously appeared to a young married indigenous woman Maria de la Candelaria outside the community of Cancuc 5 According to Maria the Virgin Mary had asked that a chapel be built in her honor 6 The local priest Father Simon Garcia Lara doubted the miracle and had the indigenous who believed in it whipped 7 Since the people of Cancuc wished the cult to be recognized and had not found that approval by the local priest they sought out the bishop and sent a delegation to Ciudad Real The bishop imprisoned most of them but some escaped to tell of the mistreatment An indigenous man Sebastian Gomez de la Gloria came to Cancuc from nearby Chenalho and declared the solution to the problem of non recognition of the Virgin s cult by the Catholic hierarchy was to create an indigenous religious hierarchy 8 The various indigenous towns raised military units which were organized along a similar hierarchy to Spanish colonial units They targeted the local Spanish population wiping out Spanish troops killing Spanish children and carrying off the Spanish women as concubines The Spanish women were forced to dress in indigenous attire and perform manual labor such as grinding corn Following the defeat of the revolt in 1713 these Spanish women were brought before the Mexican Inquisition and questioned intensively 9 The Spanish military forces defeated the indigenous soldiers of the Virgin The town of Cancuc was obliterated and its inhabitants moved to other towns 10 The Spanish authorities had been alarmed at the size and the direction the rebellion had taken a coordinated multiethnic revolt that defied Spanish civil and ecclesiastical authority necessitating a major military response The defeat of the revolt was so thorough that it left the province devastated and in deeper poverty 11 The Spanish executed nearly a hundred participants and those who escaped were relentlessly pursued over years 12 See also EditList of indigenous rebellions in Mexico and Central AmericaFurther reading EditBricker Victoria Reifler The Indian Christ the Indian King The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual Austin University of Texas Press 1981 pp 55 69 Gosner Kevin Soldiers of the Virgin An Ethohistorical Analysis of the Tzeltal Revolt of 1712 Tucson University of Arizona Press 1992 Viquiera Juan Pedro Indios rebeldes e idolatras Dos ensayos historicos sobre la rebelion india de Cancuc Chiapas acaecida en el ano de 1712 Mexico City 1997 Wasserstrom Robert Ethnic Violence and Indigenous Protest The Tzeltal Maya Rebellion of 1712 Journal of Latin American Studies 12 1980 1 19 References Edit Victoria Reifler Bricker The Indian Christ the Indian King The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual Austin University of Texas Press 1981 p 63 Kevin Gosner Soldiers of the Virgin An Ethohistorical Analysis of the Tzeltal Revolt of 1712 Tucson University of Arizona Press 1992 Murdo J MacLeod Tzendal Rebellion in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture Vol 5 p 284 New York Charles Scribner s Sons 1996 John Tutino Resistance and Rebellion in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures vol 3 p 70 New York Oxford University Press 2001 Bricker The Indian Christ p 59 Alban Juan Pedro Viqueira and Jan Rus In David Carrasco ed Candelaria Maria de La In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures Vol 1 New York Oxford University Press 2001ISBN 9780195108156 9780195188431 Bricker The Indian Christ citing Francisco Ximenez Historia de la Provincia de San Vicente de Chiapas y Guatemala de la Orden de Predicadores Guatemala City Biblioteca Goathemala de la Sociedad de Geografia e Historia 1929 31 vol 3 p 68 Bricker The Indian Christ p 60 Bricker The Indian Christ pp 63 p 333 The testimonies of some of the women have been published in 1948 in the Boletin del Archivo General de la Nacion 19 4 Sublevacion de los indios tzendales Ano de 1713 Bricker The Indian Christ p 65 MacLeod Tzendal Rebellion p 284 Tutino Resistance and Rebellion p 70 nbsp Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712 amp oldid 1171201051, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
