Turritopsis nutricula is a small hydrozoan that once reaching adulthood, can transfer its cells back to childhood. This adaptive trait likely evolved in order to extend the life of the individual. Several different species of the genus Turritopsis were formerly classified as T. nutricula, including the "immortal jellyfish" which is now classified as T. dohrnii.[2]
Hydrozoans have two distinct stages in their life, a polyp stage and a medusa stage. The polyp stage is benthic, with the cells forming colonies, while the medusa stage is a singular, planktonic organism. Generally in hydrozoa the medusa develops from the asexual budding of the polyp and the polyp results from sexual reproduction of medusae.[3] In T. nutricula, planktonic medusa have the capability to bud polyps or medusae which also have the ability to spawn new medusae.[4] Several nominal species have been described for this genus, but most of them had been synonymized and attributed to one cosmopolitan species, Turritopsis nutricula.[5]
Reversing the life cycleedit
Turritopsis nutricula in any point of the medusa stage has the ability to transform back into its polyp stage. T. nutricula is the first known metazoan that has been observed to sexually mature and return to its juvenile colonial stage. This regression from medusa to polyp has only been observed with the presence of differentiated cells from the outer umbrella and part of the animals digestion system.[6] The ability of transdifferentiation, a non-stem cell which can morph into a different type of cell, in these cells is pivotal for this species' changing life cycle. It is unknown whether or not stem cells play a role in this process.[7] Due to this regular transformation by T. nutricula, it is thought to have an indefinite lifespan.[6]
There are four stages that were found to describe the inverted life cycle of the Turritopsis nutricula: healthy medusa (where the T.nutricula would swim actively), unhealthy medusa (the T. nutricula was not able to swim), four-leaf clover, and cyst (would produce the polyp morphologically).[8]
Referencesedit
^Turritopsis nutricula McCrady 1857 2010-04-03 at the Wayback Machine - Encyclopedia of Life
^M. P. Miglietta; S. Piraino; S. Kubota; P. Schuchert (2007). "Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.x.
^Schmid, Volker (1974-05-01). "Regeneration in Medusa buds and Medusae of Hydrozoa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 14 (2): 773–781. doi:10.1093/icb/14.2.773. ISSN 1540-7063.
^Bavestrello, G., Sommer, C., & Michele, S. (1992). Bi-directional conversion in Turritopsis nutricula (Hydrozoa). Sci Mar, 56(2-3), 137-40.
^Miglietta, M. P., et al. “Species in the Genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a Molecular Evaluation.” Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, Accepted on 9 April 2006, vol. 45, no. 1, 2007, pp. 11–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.x
^ abPiraino, Stefano; Boero, Ferdinando (June 1996). "Reversing the life cycle: Medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)". The Biological Bulletin; Woods Hole. 190 (3): 302–312. doi:10.2307/1543022. JSTOR 1543022. PMID 29227703.
^Ma, Hongbao; Yang, Yan (2018). "Turritopsis nutricula". Nature and Science. 8 (2): 15–20.
^Carla’, E. C., Pagliara, P., Piraino, S., Boero, F., & Dini, L. (2003). Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of turritopsis nutricula during life cycle reversal. Tissue and Cell, 35(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-8166(03)00028-4
External linksedit
Media related to Turritopsis nutricula at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Turritopsis nutricula at Wikispecies
March 04, 2024
turritopsis, nutricula, small, hydrozoan, that, once, reaching, adulthood, transfer, cells, back, childhood, this, adaptive, trait, likely, evolved, order, extend, life, individual, several, different, species, genus, turritopsis, were, formerly, classified, n. Turritopsis nutricula is a small hydrozoan that once reaching adulthood can transfer its cells back to childhood This adaptive trait likely evolved in order to extend the life of the individual Several different species of the genus Turritopsis were formerly classified as T nutricula including the immortal jellyfish which is now classified as T dohrnii 2 Turritopsis nutriculaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum CnidariaClass HydrozoaOrder AnthoathecataFamily OceaniidaeGenus TurritopsisSpecies T nutriculaBinomial nameTurritopsis nutriculaMcCrady 1857 1 Contents 1 Life cycle 1 1 Reversing the life cycle 2 References 3 External linksLife cycle editHydrozoans have two distinct stages in their life a polyp stage and a medusa stage The polyp stage is benthic with the cells forming colonies while the medusa stage is a singular planktonic organism Generally in hydrozoa the medusa develops from the asexual budding of the polyp and the polyp results from sexual reproduction of medusae 3 In T nutricula planktonic medusa have the capability to bud polyps or medusae which also have the ability to spawn new medusae 4 Several nominal species have been described for this genus but most of them had been synonymized and attributed to one cosmopolitan species Turritopsis nutricula 5 Reversing the life cycle edit Turritopsis nutricula in any point of the medusa stage has the ability to transform back into its polyp stage T nutricula is the first known metazoan that has been observed to sexually mature and return to its juvenile colonial stage This regression from medusa to polyp has only been observed with the presence of differentiated cells from the outer umbrella and part of the animals digestion system 6 The ability of transdifferentiation a non stem cell which can morph into a different type of cell in these cells is pivotal for this species changing life cycle It is unknown whether or not stem cells play a role in this process 7 Due to this regular transformation by T nutricula it is thought to have an indefinite lifespan 6 There are four stages that were found to describe the inverted life cycle of the Turritopsis nutricula healthy medusa where the T nutricula would swim actively unhealthy medusa the T nutricula was not able to swim four leaf clover and cyst would produce the polyp morphologically 8 References edit Turritopsis nutricula McCrady 1857 Archived 2010 04 03 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopedia of Life M P Miglietta S Piraino S Kubota P Schuchert 2007 Species in the genus Turritopsis Cnidaria Hydrozoa a molecular evaluation Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45 1 11 19 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0469 2006 00379 x Schmid Volker 1974 05 01 Regeneration in Medusa buds and Medusae of Hydrozoa Integrative and Comparative Biology 14 2 773 781 doi 10 1093 icb 14 2 773 ISSN 1540 7063 Bavestrello G Sommer C amp Michele S 1992 Bi directional conversion in Turritopsis nutricula Hydrozoa Sci Mar 56 2 3 137 40 Miglietta M P et al Species in the Genus Turritopsis Cnidaria Hydrozoa a Molecular Evaluation Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research Accepted on 9 April 2006 vol 45 no 1 2007 pp 11 19 https doi org 10 1111 j 1439 0469 2006 00379 x a b Piraino Stefano Boero Ferdinando June 1996 Reversing the life cycle Medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula Cnidaria Hydrozoa The Biological Bulletin Woods Hole 190 3 302 312 doi 10 2307 1543022 JSTOR 1543022 PMID 29227703 Ma Hongbao Yang Yan 2018 Turritopsis nutricula Nature and Science 8 2 15 20 Carla E C Pagliara P Piraino S Boero F amp Dini L 2003 Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of turritopsis nutricula during life cycle reversal Tissue and Cell 35 3 213 222 https doi org 10 1016 s0040 8166 03 00028 4External links edit nbsp Media related to Turritopsis nutricula at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Turritopsis nutricula at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turritopsis nutricula amp oldid 1171083355, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
