The connection between rotational velocity measured spectroscopically and distance was first used in 1922 by Ernst Öpik to estimate the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy[1][2] In the 1970's Balkowski, C., et al. measured 13 galaxies but focused on using the data to distinguish galaxy shapes rather than extract distances.[1][3] The relationship was first published in 1977 by astronomers R. Brent Tully and J. Richard Fisher.[4] The luminosity is calculated by multiplying the galaxy's apparent brightness by , where is its distance from Earth, and the spectral-line width is measured using long-slit spectroscopy.
A series of collaborative catalogs of galaxy peculiar velocity values called CosmicFlow uses Tully-Fisher analysis; the Cosmicflow-4 catalog has reached 10000 galaxies.[5] Many values of the Hubble constant have been derived from Tully-Fisher analysis, starting with the first paper and continuing through 2023.[1]
Subtypesedit
Several different forms of the TFR exist, depending on which precise measures of mass, luminosity or rotation velocity one takes it to relate. Tully and Fisher used optical luminosity, but subsequent work showed the relation to be tighter when defined using microwave to infrared (K band) radiation (a good proxy for stellar mass), and even tighter when luminosity is replaced by the galaxy's total stellar mass.[6] The relation in terms of stellar mass is dubbed the "stellar mass Tully Fisher relation" (STFR), and its scatter only shows correlations with the galaxy's kinematic morphology, such that more dispersion-supported systems scatter below the relation. The tightest correlation is recovered when considering the total baryonic mass (the sum of its mass in stars and gas).[7] This latter form of the relation is known as the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation (BTFR), and states that baryonic mass is proportional to velocity to the power of roughly 3.5–4.[8]
The TFR can be used to estimate the distance to spiral galaxies by allowing the luminosity of a galaxy to be derived from its directly measurable line width. The distance can then be found by comparing the luminosity to the apparent brightness. Thus the TFR constitutes a rung of the cosmic distance ladder, where it is calibrated using more direct distance measurement techniques and used in turn to calibrate methods extending to larger distance.
In the dark matter paradigm, a galaxy's rotation velocity (and hence line width) is primarily determined by the mass of the dark matter halo in which it lives, making the TFR a manifestation of the connection between visible and dark matter mass. In Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), the BTFR (with power-law index exactly 4) is a direct consequence of the gravitational force law effective at low acceleration.[9]
^ abcdSaid, Khaled (2023-10-24). "Tully-Fisher relation". In Di Valentino, E; Brout, D. (eds.). Hubble Constant Tension. arXiv:2310.16053.
^Opik, Ernst. "An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula." Astrophysical Journal, 55, 406-410 (1922) 55 (1922).
^Balkowski, C., et al. "Neutral hydrogen study of spiral and irregular dwarf galaxies." Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 34, p. 43-52 34 (1974): 43-52.
^Tully, R. B.; Fisher, J. R. (1977). "A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 54 (3): 661–673. Bibcode:1977A&A....54..661T.
^Kourkchi, Ehsan; Tully, R. Brent; Eftekharzadeh, Sarah; Llop, Jordan; Courtois, Hélène M.; Guinet, Daniel; Dupuy, Alexandra; Neill, James D.; Seibert, Mark; Andrews, Michael; Chuang, Juana; Danesh, Arash; Gonzalez, Randy; Holthaus, Alexandria; Mokelke, Amber (2020-10-23). "Cosmicflows-4: The Catalog of ∼10,000 Tully–Fisher Distances". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (2): 145. arXiv:2009.00733. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902..145K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb66b. ISSN 1538-4357.
^Ristea, Andrei (2023). "The Tully–Fisher relation from SDSS-MaNGA: physical causes of scatter and variation at different radii". MNRAS. 527 (3): 7438–7458. arXiv:2311.13251. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3638.
^McGaugh, S. S.; Schombert, J. M.; Bothun, G. D.; de Blok, W. J. G (2000). "The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 533 (2): L99–L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0003001. Bibcode:2000ApJ...533L..99M. doi:10.1086/312628. PMID 10770699. S2CID 103865.
^S. Torres-Flores, B. Epinat, P. Amram, H. Plana, C. Mendes de Oliveira (2011), "GHASP: an Hα kinematic survey of spiral and irregular galaxies -- IX. The NIR, stellar and baryonic Tully–Fisher relations", arXiv:1106.0505
^McGaugh, S. (2012). "The Baryonic Tully–Fisher Relation of Gas-Rich Galaxies as a Test of ΛCDM and MOND". Astrophysical Journal. 143 (2): 40. arXiv:1107.2934. Bibcode:2012AJ....143...40M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/2/40. S2CID 38472632.
External linksedit
Scholarpedia article on the subject written by R. Brent Tully
January 01, 1970
tully, fisher, relation, astronomy, widely, verified, empirical, relationship, between, mass, intrinsic, luminosity, spiral, galaxy, asymptotic, rotation, velocity, emission, line, width, since, luminosity, distance, dependent, relationship, used, estimate, di. In astronomy the Tully Fisher relation TFR is a widely verified empirical relationship between the mass or intrinsic luminosity of a spiral galaxy and its asymptotic rotation velocity or emission line width Since luminosity is distance dependent the relationship can be used to estimate distances to galaxies from measurements of their rotational velocity 1 The Tully Fisher relation for spiral and lenticular galaxies Contents 1 History 2 Subtypes 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editThe connection between rotational velocity measured spectroscopically and distance was first used in 1922 by Ernst Opik to estimate the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy 1 2 In the 1970 s Balkowski C et al measured 13 galaxies but focused on using the data to distinguish galaxy shapes rather than extract distances 1 3 The relationship was first published in 1977 by astronomers R Brent Tully and J Richard Fisher 4 The luminosity is calculated by multiplying the galaxy s apparent brightness by 4 p d 2 displaystyle 4 pi d 2 nbsp where d displaystyle d nbsp is its distance from Earth and the spectral line width is measured using long slit spectroscopy A series of collaborative catalogs of galaxy peculiar velocity values called CosmicFlow uses Tully Fisher analysis the Cosmicflow 4 catalog has reached 10000 galaxies 5 Many values of the Hubble constant have been derived from Tully Fisher analysis starting with the first paper and continuing through 2023 1 Subtypes editSeveral different forms of the TFR exist depending on which precise measures of mass luminosity or rotation velocity one takes it to relate Tully and Fisher used optical luminosity but subsequent work showed the relation to be tighter when defined using microwave to infrared K band radiation a good proxy for stellar mass and even tighter when luminosity is replaced by the galaxy s total stellar mass 6 The relation in terms of stellar mass is dubbed the stellar mass Tully Fisher relation STFR and its scatter only shows correlations with the galaxy s kinematic morphology such that more dispersion supported systems scatter below the relation The tightest correlation is recovered when considering the total baryonic mass the sum of its mass in stars and gas 7 This latter form of the relation is known as the baryonic Tully Fisher relation BTFR and states that baryonic mass is proportional to velocity to the power of roughly 3 5 4 8 The TFR can be used to estimate the distance to spiral galaxies by allowing the luminosity of a galaxy to be derived from its directly measurable line width The distance can then be found by comparing the luminosity to the apparent brightness Thus the TFR constitutes a rung of the cosmic distance ladder where it is calibrated using more direct distance measurement techniques and used in turn to calibrate methods extending to larger distance In the dark matter paradigm a galaxy s rotation velocity and hence line width is primarily determined by the mass of the dark matter halo in which it lives making the TFR a manifestation of the connection between visible and dark matter mass In Modified Newtonian dynamics MOND the BTFR with power law index exactly 4 is a direct consequence of the gravitational force law effective at low acceleration 9 The analogues of the TFR for non rotationally supported galaxies such as ellipticals are known as the Faber Jackson relation and the fundamental plane See also editDistance modulus Standard candle Cosmic distance ladder Faber Jackson relation Fundamental plane Dark matter Standard model of cosmology Modified Newtonian dynamics Freeman lawReferences edit a b c d Said Khaled 2023 10 24 Tully Fisher relation In Di Valentino E Brout D eds Hubble Constant Tension arXiv 2310 16053 Opik Ernst An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula Astrophysical Journal 55 406 410 1922 55 1922 Balkowski C et al Neutral hydrogen study of spiral and irregular dwarf galaxies Astronomy and Astrophysics Vol 34 p 43 52 34 1974 43 52 Tully R B Fisher J R 1977 A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies Astronomy and Astrophysics 54 3 661 673 Bibcode 1977A amp A 54 661T Kourkchi Ehsan Tully R Brent Eftekharzadeh Sarah Llop Jordan Courtois Helene M Guinet Daniel Dupuy Alexandra Neill James D Seibert Mark Andrews Michael Chuang Juana Danesh Arash Gonzalez Randy Holthaus Alexandria Mokelke Amber 2020 10 23 Cosmicflows 4 The Catalog of 10 000 Tully Fisher Distances The Astrophysical Journal 902 2 145 arXiv 2009 00733 Bibcode 2020ApJ 902 145K doi 10 3847 1538 4357 abb66b ISSN 1538 4357 Ristea Andrei 2023 The Tully Fisher relation from SDSS MaNGA physical causes of scatter and variation at different radii MNRAS 527 3 7438 7458 arXiv 2311 13251 doi 10 1093 mnras stad3638 McGaugh S S Schombert J M Bothun G D de Blok W J G 2000 The Baryonic Tully Fisher Relation The Astrophysical Journal Letters 533 2 L99 L102 arXiv astro ph 0003001 Bibcode 2000ApJ 533L 99M doi 10 1086 312628 PMID 10770699 S2CID 103865 S Torres Flores B Epinat P Amram H Plana C Mendes de Oliveira 2011 GHASP an Ha kinematic survey of spiral and irregular galaxies IX The NIR stellar and baryonic Tully Fisher relations arXiv 1106 0505 McGaugh S 2012 The Baryonic Tully Fisher Relation of Gas Rich Galaxies as a Test of LCDM and MOND Astrophysical Journal 143 2 40 arXiv 1107 2934 Bibcode 2012AJ 143 40M doi 10 1088 0004 6256 143 2 40 S2CID 38472632 External links editScholarpedia article on the subject written by R Brent Tully Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tully Fisher relation amp oldid 1194564237, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
