Tupolev Tu-124
The Tupolev Tu-124 (NATO reporting name: Cookpot) is a 56-passenger short-range twinjet airliner built in the Soviet Union. It was the first Soviet airliner powered by turbofan engines.[1]
| Tu-124 | |
|---|---|
| Aeroflot Tu-124 at Arlanda Airport in 1966 | |
| Role | Short-range airliner |
| Design group | Tupolev |
| Built by | Kharkiv State Aircraft Manufacturing Company |
| First flight | 29 March 1960 |
| Introduction | 2 October 1962 |
| Retired | 1980 (Aeroflot), 1990 (Iraqi Airways), 1992 (military service) |
| Status | Retired |
| Primary users | Aeroflot ČSA |
| Produced | 1960–1965 |
| Number built | 164 |
| Developed from | Tupolev Tu-104 |
| Variants | Tupolev Tu-134 |
Design and development edit
Developed from the medium-range Tupolev Tu-104, the Tu-124 was meant to meet Aeroflot's requirement for a regional airliner to replace the Ilyushin Il-14 on domestic routes. Resembling a 75% scaled-down Tu-104, the two were hard to tell apart at a distance but it was not a complete copy of the Tu-104. The Tu-124 had a number of refinements, including double-slotted flaps, a large centre-section airbrake and automatic spoilers. Unlike the Tu-104, the wing trailing edge inboard of the undercarriage was unswept.[2]
The Tu-124 had a drogue parachute to be used in an emergency landing or landing on a slippery surface and had low pressure tires for operation from unpaved airfields.[3][4] As on the Tu-104 the engines were installed in the wing roots, but the turbofan engines used less fuel. The installation of the engines close to the fuselage allowed vibrations to be more readily transmitted to the cabin, which reduced passenger comfort, and also reduced the fatigue life of the wing assembly.[citation needed]
The standard seating of the basic version was 44 seats. The first of two prototype, SSSR-45000 (C/N 0350101) made its first flight from Zhukovsky airfield on 24 March 1960. The second prototype, SSSR-45001 (C/N 0350102), followed in June 1960. Two other airframes served as a static test cells. Testing was successful, and the aircraft entered production at Factory 135 at Kharkiv, Ukraine, replacing the Tu-104 in production.[3][5] Deliveries to Aeroflot began in August 1962, with the type operating its first scheduled passenger service, between Moscow and Tallinn in Estonia, on 2 October 1962.[6]
Operational history edit
Aeroflot was impressed with the flight performance of the Tu-124 and used it on domestic routes from the end of 1962.
The improved Tu-124V, which could seat 56 passengers instead of the 44 of the original model, and which had increased range and maximum takeoff weight, came into service in 1964. An Aeroflot Tu-124V was exhibited at the 1965 Paris Air Show. Despite the aircraft's low purchase price (stated as $1.45 million in 1965) and low operating costs,[7] few were exported, with Československé Státní Aerolinie (ČSA) and the East German airline Interflug being the only airlines other than Aeroflot that bought the Tu-124 new, although ČSA sold its surviving Tu-124s to Iraqi Airways for use on VIP flights in 1973. Interflug used its three Tu-124s as an alternative to the Ilyushin Il-62, when the Il-62s were grounded due to mechanical issues. All three were sold back to the Soviet Union in 1975.[citation needed]
Three airframes were completed in 1966 in a VIP configuration, and designated Tu-124K. However, Aeroflot never placed them into service, and they were purchased by the Indian Air Force.[citation needed]
A number were also sold to military users, including the Soviet Air Force, which used them as navigational trainers, and to the Chinese Air Force.[3][8]
A total of 164 Tu-124s were built.[9] Issues with the safety of the Tu-104 affected the fate of the Tu-124, although the reliability of the Tu-124 was slightly better. Production ended in 1965 and Aeroflot decommissioned its last twelve Tu-124s on 21 January 1980. The Tu-124 continued in operation for some years with the Soviet Air Force and in Iraq, but all aircraft were withdrawn before and in 1990, The ones in Iraq military and Iraqi Airways were destroyed in early 1990s during the Gulf War.[citation needed]
Several Tu-124s have been preserved. One is in the museum of the Kharkiv State Aircraft Manufacturing Company (formerly the Tu-124 manufacturer Factory 135), another is in China's Datangshan aviation museum in Beijing, another at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino outside Moscow. A Tu-124K is on display at New Delhi Airport and next to the State Museum at Lucknow Zoo.[10]
Competition within the COMECON edit
The German Democratic Republic attempted to compete within the COMECON trade bloc with its own four-engined design called the Baade 152. The design was unsuccessful, leading Interflug to buy a rear-engined development of the Tu-124, the Tupolev Tu-134.[citation needed]
Variants edit
- Tu-124/Tu-124V
- The first production variant. International demand was small, as most foreign airlines were waiting to buy the improved Tupolev Tu-134
- Tu-124B
- Three prototypes with D-20P-125 engines, built in 1963
- Tu-124K/Tu-124K2
- VIP configuration operated by the militaries of Iraq and China, and by the Indian Air Force
- Tu-124Sh-1
- Military version used as navigator trainer
- Tu-124Sh-2
- Military version used as navigator trainer
- Tu-127
- Proposed military transport version, not built.
Former operators edit
Former civil operators edit
- Interflug (operated in Interflug colours, but owned by the East German Air Force)
Former military operators edit
- Indian Air Force [three Tu-124K VIP variants]
Accidents and incidents edit
A total of fifteen Tu-124s were written off in crashes during the type's operational career; another two aircraft of Iraqi Airways were destroyed on the ground during the Gulf War.[11]
1960s edit
- 21 August 1963
- Aeroflot Flight 366, a Tu-124 (СССР-45021), ditched in the Neva River in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) after both engines failed due to fuel exhaustion while the crew was preoccupied with landing gear problems; all 52 on board survived.[12]
- 8 March 1965
- Aeroflot Flight 513, a Tu-124 (СССР-45028), stalled and crashed shortly after takeoff from Kuybyshev Airport, killing 30 of 39 on board.[13]
- 11 November 1965
- Aeroflot Flight 99, a Tu-124V (СССР-45086), crashed on the frozen Lake Kilpyavr after the pilot mistook lights near Murmansk Airport for the runway threshold lights, killing 32 of 64 on board.[14]
- 13 June 1966
- An Aeroflot Tu-124 (СССР-45017) overran a wet runway on landing at Minsk-1 International Airport and was written off; no casualties.[15]
- 27 July 1966
- Aeroflot Flight 67, a Tu-124V (СССР-45038), went into a dive over Zaporizhzhia Oblast after flying into a storm at 7,200 m (23,622 ft). The crew were able to regain control at 2,800 m (9,200 ft) and landed safely at Simferopol, but one passenger died (of 90 on board) and several more were injured during the incident. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service, but was lost in the crash of Aeroflot Flight 5484 in 1979.[16]
- 7 March 1968
- Aeroflot Flight 3153, a Tu-124 (СССР-45019), crashed on takeoff from Volgograd Airport after the crew accidentally activated the spoilers, killing a crew member; all 44 passengers survived. The spoiler switch had been poorly placed on the control column, allowing the pilot to hit it by accident.[17]
1970s edit
- 29 January 1970
- Aeroflot Flight 145, a Tu-124V (СССР-45083), struck a hillside while on approach to Kilpyavr Airport, Murmansk; of the 38 on board, five died on impact and another six died in the freezing temperatures while waiting for rescue.[18]
- 18 August 1970
- CSA Flight 744, a Tu-124V (OK-TEB), landed wheels-up at Kloten Airport after the pilot, preoccupied with a cabin pressurization problem, failed to hear the command to lower the landing gear; all 20 on board survived. The gear warning system alarm had been turned off.[19]
- 2 September 1970
- Aeroflot Flight 3630, a Tu-124 (СССР-45012), crashed near Dnepropetrovsk (now Dnipro) following an unexplained loss of control, killing all 37 on board.[20]
- 9 July 1973
- Aeroflot Flight 5385, a Tu-124V (СССР-45062), suffered an uncontained failure of the right engine shortly after takeoff from Kuybyshev Airport. Debris from the engine penetrated the fuselage, killing two passengers and injuring another four. The crew began an emergency descent and the engine was shut down. Panicking passengers moved to the front of the cabin, causing the center of gravity to move forward, but flight attendants were able to get the passengers seated and the aircraft was able to land safely at Kuybyshev. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.[21]
- 20 November 1973
- An Aeroflot Tu-124V (СССР-45031) overran a snow-covered runway on landing at Kazan Airport; no casualties.[22]
- 16 December 1973
- Aeroflot Flight 2022, a Tu-124V (СССР-45061), went into a spiraling dive at 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) while descending for Moscow due to a short circuit in the elevator trim system. Although the crew were able to pull out and regain control at around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), control was lost again due to a failed gyro and spatial disorientation and the aircraft crashed near Karacharovo, killing all 51 on board.[23]
- 23 December 1973
- Aeroflot Flight 5398, a Tu-124V (СССР-45044), crashed near Vinniki when a defective turbine blade in the no. 1 engine failed, resulting in violent vibration of the affected engine. The vibrations caused the fuel line to break. The resulting in-flight fire caused a loss of control resulting in the plane's crash and loss of all 17 on board.[24]
- 3 January 1976
- Aeroflot Flight 2003, a Tu-124V (СССР-45037), crashed shortly after takeoff from Vnukovo Airport due to a loss of control following instrument failure after entering clouds, killing all 61 on board; one person on the ground also died when the aircraft struck several homes
- 5 November 1977
- Indian Air Force Tu-124K V643, named Pushpak Rath (Floral Chariot), crashed in a paddy field near Jorhat after descending too low during the second attempt to land, killing five crew; Prime Minister Morarji Desai is among the survivors.[25]
- 1977
- Soviet Air Force Tu-124Sh 53 red landed wheels-up at Lugansk Airport after the pilot forgot to lower the landing gear; no casualties.[26]
- 29 August 1979
- Aeroflot Flight 5484, a Tu-124V (СССР-45038), went into a spin, broke apart in mid-air, and crashed near Kirsanov after a flap was accidentally extended, killing all 63 on board. This crash is the deadliest involving the Tu-124, and Aeroflot retired it afterwards.[27]
1990s edit
- February 1991
- Two Iraqi Airways Tu-124Vs (YI-AEY and YI-AEL) were destroyed on the ground at Saddam International Airport by US or allied bombs during the Gulf War.[28][29]
Specifications (Tu-124V) edit
Data from Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945[7]
General characteristics
- Crew: 3
- Capacity: 56 passengers
- Length: 30.58 m (100 ft 4 in)
- Wingspan: 25.55 m (83 ft 10 in)
- Height: 8.08 m (26 ft 6 in)
- Wing area: 119.48 m2 (1,286.1 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 22,900 kg (50,486 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 37,500 kg (82,673 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Soloviev D-20P turbofan engines, 53.1 kN (11,900 lbf) thrust each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 970 km/h (600 mph, 520 kn)
- Cruise speed: 800–870 km/h (500–540 mph, 430–470 kn)
- Range: 2,100 km (1,300 mi, 1,100 nmi) with maximum fuel and 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) payload
- Service ceiling: 11,700 m (38,400 ft)
- Rate of climb: 12 m/s (2,400 ft/min) [30]
See also edit
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References edit
- ^ The Development Of Jet And Turbine Aero Engines 4th edition, Bill Gunston 2006, ISBN 0 7509 4477 3, p.197
- ^ "TU-124 – Details of Tupolev's Medium Range Turbofan" Flight International, 16 August 1962, pp.229–230, article includes drawings
- ^ a b c Gunston 1995, p. 433.
- ^ Stroud 1968, pp. 227–229.
- ^ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 134.
- ^ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, pp. 134–135.
- ^ a b Stroud 1968, p. 232.
- ^ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 224.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ "List of Tu-124 hull losses". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45021 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Aviation Safety Network СССР-45028 accident synopsis retrieved 14 September 2011
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45086 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45017 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2018-6-6.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45038 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2018-6-6.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45019 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45083 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for OK-TEB at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for Tupolev 124 [sic], Aeroflot Lithuania Division, registration СССР [sic]-45012 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-07-29.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45062 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2018-6-6.
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45031 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for Tupolev 124 [sic], Aeroflot Lithuania Division, registration СССР [sic]-45061 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-07-29.
- ^ Accident description for Tupolev 124 [sic], Aeroflot Moscow Division, registration СССР [sic]-45044 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-07-29.
- ^ Aviation Safety Network V643 accident synopsis retrieved 14 September 2011
- ^ Aviation Safety Network 53 red accident synopsis retrieved 28 July 2016
- ^ Accident description for СССР-45038 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for YI-AEY at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Accident description for YI-AEL at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-12-16.
- ^ Gunston 1995, p. 434.
- Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kandalov. Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-85310-728-X.
- Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London:Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
- Stroud, John. Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945. London:Putnam, 1968. ISBN 0-370-00126-5.