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Trypetheliaceae

January 01, 1970

The Trypetheliaceae are a family of mainly lichen-forming fungi in the order Trypetheliales.[3] The family consists almost exclusively of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with an almost strictly tropical distribution.[4]

Trypetheliaceae
Bathelium carolinianum
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Trypetheliales
Family: Trypetheliaceae
Eschw. (1824)
Type genus
Trypethelium
Spreng. (1804)
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Arthopyreniaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Astrotheliaceae Zahlbr. (1898)
  • Cryptotheliaceae Walt.Watson (1929)
  • Hyalophragmiaceae Räsänen (1943)
  • Laureraceae Vězda ex Poelt (1974)

Taxonomy edit

Trypetheliaceae was circumscribed by German botanist Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824. His diagnosis of the family was as follows (translated from Latin):"Thallus is crust-like. Apothecia are of varied shape, immersed in warts formed from the thallus's medullary substance." Eschweiler further notes that the family is almost exclusively found within the tropics. In his initial circumscription, he included the following genera: Arthonia, Porothelium, Medusula, Ophthalmidium, Trypethelium, Astrothelium, Glyphis, Chiodecton, and Conioloma.[5]

The family Arthopyreniaceae was placed into synonymy with Trypetheliaceae, and its type genus, Arthopyrenia, was transferred to Trypetheliaceae in 2021.[2] Other synonyms of Trypetheliaceae include Astrotheliaceae, Cryptotheliaceae, Hyalophragmiaceae, and Laureraceae.[1] The order Trypetheliales was proposed in 2008 to contain the family.[6][7]

In their 2016 revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae, André Aptroot and Robert Lücking accepted 418 species, distributed amongst 15 genera.[4]

Description edit

The general features of the Trypetheliaceae include a thallus that is mostly crustose, though the growth form of some species are squamulose to foliose or even fruticose. The family displays a diverse array of appearances, ranging from clearly visible and areolate to evanescent, hidden under bark, or even barely discernible from the substrate. The growth habit and development of the thallus surface are influenced by a combination of environmental conditions and evolutionary factors.[4]

The internal anatomy of the ascomata, including the pseudostromata, in this family is still an emerging area of research with potential taxonomic and systematic implications. One noteworthy aspect is that the ascomata in Trypetheliaceae can develop either superficially or emerge from beneath the periderm, with some species even exhibiting both forms. This divergence is seen in species such as Architrypethelium grande, Astrothelium megaspermum, and others. The wall of the ascoma is typically multi-layered and may contain a medullary layer. In some species, like Astrothelium megaspermum, an additional brownish 'medullary' layer is present. The intricate anatomy of the ascoma provides an array of characters that are used in the development of genus and species concepts within Trypetheliaceae.[4]

Another consistent feature in most Trypetheliaceae is the hamathecium, comprising thin, branching paraphyses that form a network within a gelatinous matrix. However, the density and presence of the gelatinous matrix can vary across lineages. One feature, the hymenial inspersion, consists of oil droplets or infusions lining the paraphyses. The inspersion can be localized or spread throughout the hamathecium, and its taxonomic importance is still being uncovered.[4]

The asci of Trypetheliaceae are typically fissitunicate, a structure best observed in species with larger ascospores. Additionally, ascospore type is a significant character in this family. While septation has historically been a key differentiator, recent understandings emphasize the nature of the septa and walls as more critical taxonomic indicators. The ascospores themselves can vary considerably, from the typical astrothelioid type to those that are multiseptate or muriform, and this variation offers important insights into the relationships within the family.[4]

Chemistry edit

The Trypetheliaceae family's chemical profile is less intricate than some tropical crustose families like Graphidaceae. The family's secondary substances primarily encompass xanthones and pigments, predominantly anthraquinones.[4]

Xanthones edit

Lichexanthone is the most abundant xanthone, fluorescing a yellow hue under UV light, primarily on parts like the ascomata and thallus. Its presence, once a point of contention in taxonomy, is now considered species-specific due to phylogenetic studies. Another notable xanthone, coronatone, is less prevalent, showing an UV+ (orange) reaction.[4]

Pigments edit

Anthraquinones predominantly dominate the pigments in the Trypetheliaceae, manifesting in various parts of the lichen. Among these, parietin (also known as physcione) stands out as a yellow-orange substance. It is especially prevalent in species such as Astrothelium aeneum and Marcelaria cumingii, and has a purple reaction when tested with a K chemical spot test. Similarly, teloschistin, another yellow pigment present in Marcelaria benguelensis, also reveals a purple reaction to K. Xanthorin, on the other hand, offers a vibrant red hue and can be identified in Marcelaria purpurina, reacting purple with K+. While these are the more commonly noted pigments, there are several others like skyrin and emodin that appear in lesser quantities. The taxonomic significance of these lesser-found pigments, however, remains a subject of ongoing research.[4]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology edit

Trypetheliaceae species, primarily found in tropical regions, are predominantly epiphytic, meaning these lichens mainly grow on other plants without deriving nutrients from them. Although largely confined to the tropics, there are a few exceptions, such as Viridothelium virens, which is found in temperate areas and occasionally on substrates other than bark. This distribution and ecological pattern closely resemble that of the family Graphidaceae, but with notable differences: Graphidaceae species are more prevalent in extra-tropical regions and on a variety of substrates.[4]

The Trypetheliaceae are often observed in semi-exposed or fully sun-exposed environments, such as forest canopies, open savannahs, and dry forests. In these settings, they frequently contribute to exatensive crustose lichen communities, distinguished by their production of yellow to orange pigments. Species with green thalli and partly immersed or covered ascomata are more commonly found in the understory of rainforests. It has suggested that many undiscovered species may reside in these less studied, exposed canopy microhabitats.[4]

Genera edit

 
Astrothelium aeneum

References edit

  1. ^ a b Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC 429208213.
  2. ^ a b Thiyagaraja, V.; Lücking, R.; Ertz, D.; Coppins, B.J.; Wanasinghe, D.N.; Karunarathna, S.C.; Suwannarach, N.; To-Anun, C.; Cheewangkoon, R.; Hyde, K.D. (2021). "Sequencing of the type species of Arthopyrenia places Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae". Mycosphere. 12 (1): 993–1011. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/10.
  3. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert (2016). "A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales)". The Lichenologist. 48 (6): 763–982. doi:10.1017/s0024282916000487.
  5. ^ a b Eschweiler, F.G. (1824). Systema Lichenum, Genera Exhibens rite distincta, Pluribus Novis Adaucta (in Latin). Nuremberg: J.L. Schrag. p. 17.
  6. ^ Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Umana, Loengrin; Chaves, José Luis (2008). Pyrenocarpous lichens with bitunicate asci. A first assessment of the lichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 97. Berlin; Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 13. ISBN 978-3-443-58076-6.
  7. ^ Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Liu, Jian-Kui; Ariyawansa, Hiran; Boehm, Eric; Boonmee, Saranyaphat; et al. (2013). "Families of Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 63 (1): 1–313. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0263-4.
  8. ^ Hyde, Kevin D.; Hongsanan, Sinang; Jeewon, Rajesh; Bhat, D. Jayarama; McKenzie, Eric H.C.; Jones, E.B. Gareth; et al. (2016). "Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 80 (1): 1–270 [80]. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x.
  9. ^ Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Umaña, Loengrin; Chaves, Jose-Luis; Lumbsch, H.Thorsten (2007). "Aptrootia (Dothideomycetes: Trypetheliaceae), a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens for Thelenella terricola". The Lichenologist. 39 (2): 187–193. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006445.
  10. ^ Massalongo, A.B. (1852). Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi (in Italian). p. 165.
  11. ^ Aptroot, A. (1991). A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae, and Mycomicrothelia (Lichenized and Non-lichenized Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 44. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 120. ISBN 978-3-443-58023-0.
  12. ^ Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: impensis F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 111.
  13. ^ Zahlbruckner, A. (1928). "Neue und ungenügend beschriebene javanische Flechten". Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique (in German). 1: 109–212 [111].
  14. ^ Sambo, M. (1940). "Licheni del Brasile". Annali di Botanica. 22: 19–41.
  15. ^ a b c d e Lücking, Robert; Nelson, Matthew P.; Aptroot, André; Barillas de Klee, Roselvira; Bawingan, Paulina A.; Benatti, Michel N.; et al. (2016). "A phylogenetic framework for reassessing generic concepts and species delimitation in the lichenized family Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)". The Lichenologist. 48 (6): 739–762. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000505.
  16. ^ Seaward, Mark R.D.; Aptroot, André (2005). "Hong Kong lichens collected on the United States North Pacific exploring expedition, 1853–1856". The Bryologist. 108 (2): 282–286. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2005)108[0282:hklcot]2.0.co;2.
  17. ^ Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig (1841). Der deutsche Botaniker, Erster Band. Das Herbarienbuch (in German). Dresden; Leipzig: In der Arnoldischen Buchh. p. 15.
  18. ^ Hongsanan, Sinang; Hyde, Kevin D.; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; McKenzie, Eric H.C.; Sarma, V. Venkateswara; et al. (2020). "Refined families of Dothideomycetes: orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 105 (1): 17–318 [184]. doi:10.1007/s13225-020-00462-6.
  19. ^ Aptroot, A.; Nelsen, M.P.; Parnmen, S. (2013). "Marcelaria, a new genus for the Laurera purpurina group in the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)". Glalia. 5 (2): 1–14.
  20. ^ Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H. (1993). "Musaespora, a genus of pyrenocarpous lichens with campylidia, and other additions to the foliicolous lichen flora of New Guinea". The Lichenologist. 25 (2): 121–135. doi:10.1006/lich.1993.1021.
  21. ^ Hawksworth, D.L. (1985). "A redisposition of the species referred to the ascomycete genus Microthelia". Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History. 14 (2): 43–181 [165].
  22. ^ Müller, J. (1883). "Lichenologische Beiträge XVIII". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 66 (16): 243–249.

January 01, 1970
trypetheliaceae, family, mainly, lichen, forming, fungi, order, trypetheliales, family, consists, almost, exclusively, corticolous, bark, dwelling, crustose, lichens, with, almost, strictly, tropical, distribution, bathelium, carolinianum, scientific, classifi. The Trypetheliaceae are a family of mainly lichen forming fungi in the order Trypetheliales 3 The family consists almost exclusively of corticolous bark dwelling crustose lichens with an almost strictly tropical distribution 4 Trypetheliaceae Bathelium carolinianum Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Dothideomycetes Order Trypetheliales Family TrypetheliaceaeEschw 1824 Type genus TrypetheliumSpreng 1804 Synonyms 1 2 Arthopyreniaceae Walt Watson 1929 Astrotheliaceae Zahlbr 1898 Cryptotheliaceae Walt Watson 1929 Hyalophragmiaceae Rasanen 1943 Laureraceae Vezda ex Poelt 1974 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Chemistry 3 1 Xanthones 3 2 Pigments 4 Habitat distribution and ecology 5 Genera 6 ReferencesTaxonomy editTrypetheliaceae was circumscribed by German botanist Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824 His diagnosis of the family was as follows translated from Latin Thallus is crust like Apothecia are of varied shape immersed in warts formed from the thallus s medullary substance Eschweiler further notes that the family is almost exclusively found within the tropics In his initial circumscription he included the following genera Arthonia Porothelium Medusula Ophthalmidium Trypethelium Astrothelium Glyphis Chiodecton and Conioloma 5 The family Arthopyreniaceae was placed into synonymy with Trypetheliaceae and its type genus Arthopyrenia was transferred to Trypetheliaceae in 2021 2 Other synonyms of Trypetheliaceae include Astrotheliaceae Cryptotheliaceae Hyalophragmiaceae and Laureraceae 1 The order Trypetheliales was proposed in 2008 to contain the family 6 7 In their 2016 revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae Andre Aptroot and Robert Lucking accepted 418 species distributed amongst 15 genera 4 Description editThe general features of the Trypetheliaceae include a thallus that is mostly crustose though the growth form of some species are squamulose to foliose or even fruticose The family displays a diverse array of appearances ranging from clearly visible and areolate to evanescent hidden under bark or even barely discernible from the substrate The growth habit and development of the thallus surface are influenced by a combination of environmental conditions and evolutionary factors 4 The internal anatomy of the ascomata including the pseudostromata in this family is still an emerging area of research with potential taxonomic and systematic implications One noteworthy aspect is that the ascomata in Trypetheliaceae can develop either superficially or emerge from beneath the periderm with some species even exhibiting both forms This divergence is seen in species such as Architrypethelium grande Astrothelium megaspermum and others The wall of the ascoma is typically multi layered and may contain a medullary layer In some species like Astrothelium megaspermum an additional brownish medullary layer is present The intricate anatomy of the ascoma provides an array of characters that are used in the development of genus and species concepts within Trypetheliaceae 4 Another consistent feature in most Trypetheliaceae is the hamathecium comprising thin branching paraphyses that form a network within a gelatinous matrix However the density and presence of the gelatinous matrix can vary across lineages One feature the hymenial inspersion consists of oil droplets or infusions lining the paraphyses The inspersion can be localized or spread throughout the hamathecium and its taxonomic importance is still being uncovered 4 The asci of Trypetheliaceae are typically fissitunicate a structure best observed in species with larger ascospores Additionally ascospore type is a significant character in this family While septation has historically been a key differentiator recent understandings emphasize the nature of the septa and walls as more critical taxonomic indicators The ascospores themselves can vary considerably from the typical astrothelioid type to those that are multiseptate or muriform and this variation offers important insights into the relationships within the family 4 Chemistry editThe Trypetheliaceae family s chemical profile is less intricate than some tropical crustose families like Graphidaceae The family s secondary substances primarily encompass xanthones and pigments predominantly anthraquinones 4 Xanthones edit Lichexanthone is the most abundant xanthone fluorescing a yellow hue under UV light primarily on parts like the ascomata and thallus Its presence once a point of contention in taxonomy is now considered species specific due to phylogenetic studies Another notable xanthone coronatone is less prevalent showing an UV orange reaction 4 Pigments edit Anthraquinones predominantly dominate the pigments in the Trypetheliaceae manifesting in various parts of the lichen Among these parietin also known as physcione stands out as a yellow orange substance It is especially prevalent in species such as Astrothelium aeneum and Marcelaria cumingii and has a purple reaction when tested with a K chemical spot test Similarly teloschistin another yellow pigment present in Marcelaria benguelensis also reveals a purple reaction to K Xanthorin on the other hand offers a vibrant red hue and can be identified in Marcelaria purpurina reacting purple with K While these are the more commonly noted pigments there are several others like skyrin and emodin that appear in lesser quantities The taxonomic significance of these lesser found pigments however remains a subject of ongoing research 4 Habitat distribution and ecology editTrypetheliaceae species primarily found in tropical regions are predominantly epiphytic meaning these lichens mainly grow on other plants without deriving nutrients from them Although largely confined to the tropics there are a few exceptions such as Viridothelium virens which is found in temperate areas and occasionally on substrates other than bark This distribution and ecological pattern closely resemble that of the family Graphidaceae but with notable differences Graphidaceae species are more prevalent in extra tropical regions and on a variety of substrates 4 The Trypetheliaceae are often observed in semi exposed or fully sun exposed environments such as forest canopies open savannahs and dry forests In these settings they frequently contribute to exatensive crustose lichen communities distinguished by their production of yellow to orange pigments Species with green thalli and partly immersed or covered ascomata are more commonly found in the understory of rainforests It has suggested that many undiscovered species may reside in these less studied exposed canopy microhabitats 4 Genera edit nbsp Astrothelium aeneum Alloarthopyrenia Phukhams Lucking amp K D Hyde 2016 8 1 sp Aptrootia Lucking amp Sipman 2007 9 3 spp Arthopyrenia A Massal 1852 10 55 spp Architrypethelium Aptroot 1991 11 8 spp Astrothelium Eschw 1824 5 ca 275 spp Bathelium Ach 1803 12 16 spp Bogoriella Zahlbr 1928 13 29 spp Buscalionia Sambo 1940 14 1 sp Constrictolumina Lucking M P Nelsen amp Aptroot 2016 15 9 spp Dictyomeridium Aptroot M P Nelsen amp Lucking 2016 15 7 spp Distothelia Aptroot 2005 16 3 spp Laurera Rchb 1841 17 2 spp Macroconstrictolumina Lucking R Miranda amp Aptroot 2020 18 4 spp Marcelaria Aptroot M P Nelsen amp Parnmen 2013 19 3 spp Musaespora Aptroot amp Sipman 1993 20 2 spp Mycomicrothelia Keissl 1936 8 spp Nigrovothelium Lucking M P Nelsen amp Aptroot 2016 15 3 spp Novomicrothelia Aptroot M P Nelsen amp Lucking 2016 15 1 sp Polymeridium Mull Arg R C Harris 1980 51 spp Polypyrenula D Hawksw 1985 21 1 sp Pseudopyrenula Mull Arg 1883 22 21 spp Trypethelium Spreng 1804 16 spp Viridothelium Lucking M P Nelsen amp Aptroot 2016 15 11 spp References edit a b Jaklitsch Walter Baral Hans Otto Lucking Robert Lumbsch H Thorsten 2016 Frey Wolfgang ed Syllabus of Plant Families Adolf Engler s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Vol 1 2 13 ed Berlin Stuttgart Gebr Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung Borntraeger Science Publishers pp 76 78 ISBN 978 3 443 01089 8 OCLC 429208213 a b Thiyagaraja V Lucking R Ertz D Coppins B J Wanasinghe D N Karunarathna S C Suwannarach N To Anun C Cheewangkoon R Hyde K D 2021 Sequencing of the type species of Arthopyrenia places Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae Mycosphere 12 1 993 1011 doi 10 5943 mycosphere 12 1 10 Wijayawardene Nalin Hyde Kevin Al Ani LKT Dolatabadi S Stadler Marc Haelewaters Danny et al 2020 Outline of Fungi and fungus like taxa Mycosphere 11 1060 1456 doi 10 5943 mycosphere 11 1 8 hdl 10481 61998 a b c d e f g h i j k Aptroot Andre Lucking Robert 2016 A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae Ascomycota Trypetheliales The Lichenologist 48 6 763 982 doi 10 1017 s0024282916000487 a b Eschweiler F G 1824 Systema Lichenum Genera Exhibens rite distincta Pluribus Novis Adaucta in Latin Nuremberg J L Schrag p 17 Aptroot Andre Lucking Robert Sipman Harrie J M Umana Loengrin Chaves Jose Luis 2008 Pyrenocarpous lichens with bitunicate asci A first assessment of the lichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica Bibliotheca Lichenologica Vol 97 Berlin Stuttgart J Cramer p 13 ISBN 978 3 443 58076 6 Hyde Kevin D Jones E B Gareth Liu Jian Kui Ariyawansa Hiran Boehm Eric Boonmee Saranyaphat et al 2013 Families of Dothideomycetes Fungal Diversity 63 1 1 313 doi 10 1007 s13225 013 0263 4 Hyde Kevin D Hongsanan Sinang Jeewon Rajesh Bhat D Jayarama McKenzie Eric H C Jones E B Gareth et al 2016 Fungal diversity notes 367 490 taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa PDF Fungal Diversity 80 1 1 270 80 doi 10 1007 s13225 016 0373 x Lucking Robert Sipman Harrie J M Umana Loengrin Chaves Jose Luis Lumbsch H Thorsten 2007 Aptrootia Dothideomycetes Trypetheliaceae a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens for Thelenella terricola The Lichenologist 39 2 187 193 doi 10 1017 s0024282907006445 Massalongo A B 1852 Ricerche sull autonomia dei licheni crostosi in Italian p 165 Aptroot A 1991 A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae ExcludingAnthracotheciumandPyrenula and the Requienellaceae with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia Lichenized and Non lichenized Ascomycetes Bibliotheca Lichenologica Vol 44 Berlin Stuttgart J Cramer p 120 ISBN 978 3 443 58023 0 Acharius E 1803 Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius in Latin Stockholm impensis F D D Ulrich p 111 Zahlbruckner A 1928 Neue und ungenugend beschriebene javanische Flechten Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique in German 1 109 212 111 Sambo M 1940 Licheni del Brasile Annali di Botanica 22 19 41 a b c d e Lucking Robert Nelson Matthew P Aptroot Andre Barillas de Klee Roselvira Bawingan Paulina A Benatti Michel N et al 2016 A phylogenetic framework for reassessing generic concepts and species delimitation in the lichenized family Trypetheliaceae Ascomycota Dothideomycetes The Lichenologist 48 6 739 762 doi 10 1017 S0024282916000505 Seaward Mark R D Aptroot Andre 2005 Hong Kong lichens collected on the United States North Pacific exploring expedition 1853 1856 The Bryologist 108 2 282 286 doi 10 1639 0007 2745 2005 108 0282 hklcot 2 0 co 2 Reichenbach Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig 1841 Der deutsche Botaniker Erster Band Das Herbarienbuch in German Dresden Leipzig In der Arnoldischen Buchh p 15 Hongsanan Sinang Hyde Kevin D Phookamsak Rungtiwa Wanasinghe Dhanushka N McKenzie Eric H C Sarma V Venkateswara et al 2020 Refined families of Dothideomycetes orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes Fungal Diversity 105 1 17 318 184 doi 10 1007 s13225 020 00462 6 Aptroot A Nelsen M P Parnmen S 2013 Marcelaria a new genus for the Laurera purpurina group in the Trypetheliaceae Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Glalia 5 2 1 14 Aptroot A Sipman H 1993 Musaespora a genus of pyrenocarpous lichens with campylidia and other additions to the foliicolous lichen flora of New Guinea The Lichenologist 25 2 121 135 doi 10 1006 lich 1993 1021 Hawksworth D L 1985 A redisposition of the species referred to the ascomycete genus Microthelia Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History 14 2 43 181 165 Muller J 1883 Lichenologische Beitrage XVIII Flora Regensburg in Latin 66 16 243 249 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trypetheliaceae amp oldid 1208800323, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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