Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)
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The Saudi–Yemeni war (Arabic: الحرب السعودية اليمنية) was a war between Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom of Yemen in 1934.
| Saudi–Yemeni war | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the unification of Saudi Arabia | |||||||||
Territorial changes during the war | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | Yemen Supported by: Italy[1] | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 30,000 (8,000 regulars)[3] | 37,000 (12,000 regulars)[3] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 2,100 soldiers and civilians killed[4] | |||||||||
Background edit
Ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia, had named himself King of the Nejd, following the collapse of Ottoman Empire power during World War I. In 1925 he took control of Hejaz from the Hashemites. In 1932, he proclaimed the merger of the Nejd and Hejaz kingdoms, establishing the Saudi Arabian Kingdom. Most of the boundaries remained unmapped, unmarked, and undemarcated by treaty.[5] He was described as "a modern Solomon",[6] as "Cromwell of the Desert", and as both the Napoleon[7] and the Bismarck[8] of Arabia.
By 1932, Ibn Saud controlled almost all of Arabia, except for Yemen, and the smaller coastal states which were then British protectorates (Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Aden, etc.). Between Hejaz and Yemen were several tribal regions over which the Ottomans had previously held weak suzerainty, and which both Ibn Saud and the Imam of Yemen now aspired to control.
Dispute over Asir edit
In 1923, Emir Idrissi, the ruler of the Emirate of Asir, maintained an uneasy independence between Nejd, Hejaz, and Yemen. He was at peace with his traditional rivals in Hejaz, but in dispute with Imam Yahya of Yemen, to the south of Asir.[9] The area controlled by the independent Idrisid emirate fluctuated during the ten years of its independent existence.
In 1926, the Emir of Asir assented to Saudi suzerainty, and in 1930 it was incorporated into the Nejd and Hejaz Kingdom. The new Saudi kingdom started growing at the cost of Idrissi-controlled areas, as Asir and Jizan were both part of the Idrisid Asir emirate during the 1920s.
A treaty was made in 1931 but soon broken. In November 1933, the Yemenis declared war and advanced on Najran.[10]
A peace delegation, which included ibn Saud's son, was jailed by King Yahya. Ibn Saud's efforts reportedly prompted Imam Yahya to say of him: "Who is this Bedouin coming to challenge my family's 900 year rule?"[11]
Treaty of Sana'a edit
In February 1934, at the start of the war, the Yemen Government and the British representative in Aden made a "treaty of friendship", which resolved some of the disputes between Yemen and Britain over Aden and the border between Yemen and the Aden Protectorate, and under which the British guaranteed the independence of Yemen for forty years. The Imam agreed to stop attacking Aden.[12] At this point in time, the British had a "treaty of friendship" with both the Saudi and Yemeni sides in the war.[13]
Saudi–Yemeni war edit
In March 1934, King Ibn Saud ordered the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (later King Saud) "to re-occupy townships in the highlands of Tehama which the Imam of the Yemen has seized".[14] A communique states that "Ibn Saud has tried all diplomatic means of seeking an agreement, but the last just ruler in Yemen, the Imam has persisted in a policy of oppressing the inhabitants and 'eradicating' all who have not surrendered."[15] On 20 March 1934, Saudi Arabia declared war on Yemen.[16] The Saudis advanced quickly, capturing the disputed cities of Hajara and Najran on 7 and 21 April respectively.[16] By 9 April, Haradh had been occupied by the Saudi army (except for a single fort, which fell the next day), and Midi was under siege.[17] On 11 April, the Saudi press reported that Aqabat ash-Shatba had been captured by Saudi forces, from which the Saudi army continued their advance, capturing Yabad, then the Bab-al-Hadfd valley, before finally besieging Baqim.[18] By 18 April, the press reported Saudi advances on all fronts, including north of Saada.[19] By the 21st, Midi was reported to have fallen to Saudi forces.[20]
In May 1934, the Saudi forces pressed forward their attack in the coastal region, occupying Hodeida. The Saudi tribesmen threatened to loot the Indian trading businesses in Hodeida, but were dissuaded by the arrival of British sailors to maintain order.[21] Unrest occurred in Sanaa, due to lack of food.[22] The Imam denied rumours that he had been slain, while his son fled.[23] Both the King and the Imam sought control of Asir.[24] The Imam asked King Fuad of Egypt to intervene in the war.[25] The British sloop 'Penzance' evacuated the British and Indian residents of Hodeida, and 300 foreigners, to Karaman Island for safety. On May 6, three Italian warships were dispatched to Hodeida to protect Italian interests.[26]
According to western newspaper reports: "Tehama is part of the principality of Asir, which maintained for a few years subsequent to the Great War a precarious independence between the territory of the Wahabi King Ibn Saud and that of the Imam of Yemen. In 1926, it accepted the suzerainty of Ibn Saud, and in 1930, under a new agreement, it was practically annexed by Ibn Saud. A dispute then arose between Ibn Saud and the Imam of Yemen regarding the frontier between Asir and Yemen, and this was believed to have been settled by a treaty concluded in December 1931. In announcing his intention of taking action against Yemen, Ibn Saud's legation in London said: 'The Saudi Government has tried all pacific means through diplomatic channels to come to an agreement with the last just ruler and Imam of Yemen, but he obstinately persists in his aggressive policy by occupying our highlands in Tihamah, oppressing their inhabitants, and eradicating all who do not surrender to his rule.'"[24]
Tihamah refers to the very hot land along the eastern shore of the Red Sea, south of Jeddah, representing the coastal fringe of Hejaz, Asir, and Yemen on the Red Sea.
In May 1934, after capturing Luhayya (1 May[27]) and Hodeida (4 May[a]), Saudi forces advanced towards Sanaa, where a battle was expected. The mountains were problematical for their armoured cars and tanks. Neither the British nor Italian forces in the region were expected to intervene.[28] Although the Saudis had better weapons, including tanks, the Yemenis had more experience with mountain warfare. Although the dispute had been brewing for some time, British onlookers predicted that the result would be indecisive.[29] The King demanded the abdication of the Iman, five years control of the border region, and the expulsion from Yemen of the former rulers of Asir.[30]
By 10 May 1934, reports from the war were contradictory.[31] Sanaa was reported to be in upheaval, although the Iman claimed to be in charge.[32] The Yemenis retreated from Hodeida, but claimed to be winning in Najran. The Imam announced a bold plan to advance on Riyadh with 200,000 men, although this attack never eventuated.[33] According to Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-State, Extra-State, Intra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816-2007, the Saudis had decisively won the war on 13 May 1934.[16]
Treaty of Taif edit
On 12 May 1934, peace negotiations had commenced. Saudi Arabia dropped the demand for Imam Yahya's abdication, but demanded a truce for at least 20 years.[34] It was reported that the Crown Prince of Yemen supported the war, while his father the Imam was in favour of peace.[35][36] Ibn Saud claimed that he was not interested in taking over Yemen.[37]
On May 26, it was reported that relations were tense and a re-outbreak of hostilities was likely.[38] However, on 14 June 1934 it was reported that a Treaty had been signed between the King and the Imam guaranteeing 20 years of peace.[39][40] The last Saudi troops left Yemen on 7 July.[41]
The Saudis relinquished Hodeida and the Yemeni coast, but the other disputed areas were incorporated into Saudi Arabia. Jizan/Jizin, Asir, and Najran are part of modern Saudi Arabia.
See also edit
- Najran conflict, a preceding Saudi–Yemeni conflict
- Al-Wadiah War, a subsequent Saudi–Yemeni conflict
- North Yemen Civil War
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- List of wars involving Saudi Arabia
- Saudi–Rashidi War
- Saudi–Yemen barrier
- Saudi Arabia–Yemen border
- Treaty of Jeddah (2000)
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ Almana, Mohammed (1982). Arabia Unified A Portrait of Ibn Saud. Hutchinson Benham. p. 271. ISBN 9780091472900.
- ^ Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank Whelon (2010-07-01). Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-State, Extra-State, Intra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816-2007. CQ Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780872894341.
The better-armed Saudis won the seven-week war decisively
- ^ a b c Kostiner, Joseph (1993-12-02). The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. pp. 170, 171. ISBN 9780195360707.
- ^ Rongxing Guo. Cross border resource management, theory and practice. Ed. S. V. Krupa. Elsevier, 2005: p.115.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". The Queenslander. 1933-08-31.
- ^ "A modern Soloman". 1934-10-26.
- ^ "Picturesque Figures". 1934-05-05.
- ^ "Who shall be lord of Arabia?". 1934-05-09.
- ^ "Daring Woman Traveller". 1923-07-01.
- ^ "War Talk in Arabia". 1933-11-16.
- ^ Orkaby, Asher. "Saudi Arabia's War with the Houthis: Old Borders, New Lines". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
- ^ "Treaty with Yemen signed". 1934-02-17.
- ^ "Britain Neutral - Protection for Nationals". 1934-05-09.
- ^ "Victors in Yemen". Launceston Examiner. 1934-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-25 – via Trove.
- ^ "Fighting in Arabia". 1934-03-24.
- ^ a b c d Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank Whelon (2010-07-01). Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-State, Extra-State, Intra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816-2007. CQ Press. pp. 136, 137. ISBN 9780872894341.
- ^ "'File 6/27 Foreign Interests: Sa'udi-Yemen Dispute' [10r] (19/174)". Qatar Digital Library. 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ "'File 6/27 Foreign Interests: Sa'udi-Yemen Dispute' [23r] (45/174)". Qatar Digital Library. 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ "'File 6/27 Foreign Interests: Sa'udi-Yemen Dispute' [14r] (27/174)". Qatar Digital Library. 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ "'File 6/27 Foreign Interests: Sa'udi-Yemen Dispute' [16r] (31/174)". Qatar Digital Library. 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ "British sailors protect merchants at Hodeida". 1934-05-11.
- ^ "Arab Fighting - Ibn Saud attacks Yemen". 1934-05-05.
- ^ "Arabian Upheaval - The Yemen invaded". 1934-05-05.
- ^ a b "Fighting in Arabia - Yemen invaded by warlike Wahabis". 1934-05-05.
- ^ "Fighting in Arabia". 1934-05-05.
- ^ "Arabian Fighting - Plight of the Yemen - Defence of the Capital". 1934-05-08.
- ^ a b Ghanem, Isam (1990). "The Legal History of 'A Sir (Al-Mikhlaf Al-Sulaymani)". Arab Law Quarterly. 5 (3): 211–214. doi:10.2307/3381523. ISSN 0268-0556. JSTOR 3381523.
- ^ "Arabia - More tribal fighting - British neutrality". 1934-05-09.
- ^ "Fighting in Arabia". 1934-05-09.
- ^ "Fighting in Arabia - Ibn Saud defeats Yemen forces". 1934-05-07.
- ^ "Confused position in Arabia - Both forces claim successes". 1934-05-10.
- ^ "Arabian War continues - Yemen chief denies reports". 1934-05-10.
- ^ "Yemen disturbance". 1934-05-12.
- ^ "Peace Negotiations in Arabian War". 1934-05-14.
- ^ "Fighting in Arabia - Truce announced". 1934-05-15.
- ^ "Truce in Arabia - Yemeni ruler wants peace - Acceptance of Ibn Sauds terms". 1934-05-15.
- ^ "King of Arabia does not want conquest of Yemen". 1934-05-17.
- ^ "Arabian Dispute. Hitch in Negotiations. More Fighting possible". 1934-05-26.
- ^ "Saudi and Yemen - 20-year treaty". 1934-06-16.
- ^ "Arabian Affairs. Treaty Ready". 1934-06-16.
- ^ "Saudi-Yemen situation". British Consulate-General. 7 July 1934.
Further reading edit
- Twitchell, K. S. (1934). "The Operations in the Yemen". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 21 (3): 445–49. doi:10.1080/03068373408725322.