Torulaspora delbrueckii

Torulaspora delbrueckii is a ubiquitous yeast species with both wild and anthropic habitats. The type strain of T. delbrueckii is CBS 1146^T, equivalent to CLIB 230 or ATCC 10662, etc.. The type strain of T. delbrueckii CBS 1146 ^T was sequenced in 2009,^[1] and is composed of 8 chromosomes in addition to a mitochondrial genome.

Torulaspora delbrueckii
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Saccharomycetes
Order:	Saccharomycetales
Family:	Saccharomycetaceae
Genus:	Torulaspora
Species:	T. delbrueckii
Binomial name
Torulaspora delbrueckii (Lindner) Lindner

Torulaspora delbrueckii was formerly known as Saccharomyces delbrueckii or Saccharomyces rosei or Saccharomyces roseus, and the anamorph is called Candida colliculosa (for a complete list of synonyms, see CBS's website).

Torulaspora delbrueckii is the most studied species of the genus Torulaspora that comprises 8 species to date, including T. franciscae, T. pretoriensis, T. microellipsoides, T. globosa, T. indica,^[2] T. maleeae,^[3] and T. quercuum.^[4] The taxonomy of the genus Torulaspora is evolving rapidly, and the availability of molecular tools to discriminate Torulaspora species ^[5] will help correcting errors in species assignments.

Habitats

Torulaspora delbrueckii is isolated from several human bioprocesses, including the bread industry^[6][7][8][9] where some T. delbrueckii strains are commercialized for frozen dough applications. Other applications include food fermentations of silage, cocoa,^[10][11] olive ^[12] or cucumber;^[13][14] distilled and traditional fermented beverage production including mescal,^[15] colonche,^[16] tequila,^[17] cider,^[18] strawberry tree fruits juice,^[19] sugarcane juice ^[20][21] or kefir;^[22] dairy products’ fermentations like traditional cheeses ^[23] and fermented milk.^[24]Torulaspora delbrueckii can be an opportunistic spoilage yeast for dairy products or soft drinks (fruit juices, etc.).^[25][26][27]Torulaspora delbrueckii colonizes several natural environments, ranging from soils,^[28] to plants,^[29] fruits ^[30] and insects.^[31][32]T.delbrueckii is occasionally found as a clinical isolate, although not considered to be a human pathogen,^[33] a state described as opportunistic pathogen.

Winemaking

Torulaspora delbrueckii has been associated with winemaking for decades ^[34][35][36] and isolated either from grape, must or wine. Torulaspora delbrueckii is now proposed as starter culture (to be associated with S. cerevisiae in mixed cultures) for certain applications, particularly to reduce volatile acidity in high-sugar fermentations like in Sauternes wines.^[37] Recent findings show that T. delbrueckii species has been domesticated for winemaking and other human uses about 1900 and 4000 years ago respectively.^[38]

Life-cycle

The life-cycle of T. delbrueckii remains unclear. Some authors consider T. delbrueckii to be a haploid species, while more recent findings suggest T. delbrueckii have a mostly diploid homothallic life.^[39] To date, the life-cycle of the species is not formally elucidated.

References

1. Zhang, Jianzhi; Gordon, Jonathan L.; Byrne, Kevin P.; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2009). "Additions, Losses, and Rearrangements on the Evolutionary Route from a Reconstructed Ancestor to the Modern Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome". PLOS Genetics. 5 (5): e1000485. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000485. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 2675101. PMID 19436716.  
2. Saluja P.; Yelchuri R. K.; Sohal S. K.; Bhagat G.; Paramjit, Prasad G. S. (2012). "Torulaspora indica a novel yeast species isolated from coal mine soils". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 101 (4): 733–42. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9687-6. PMID 22200779. S2CID 5546770.
3. Limtong S.; Imanishi Y.; Jindamorakot S.; Ninomiya S.; Yongmanitchai W.; Nakase T. (2008). "Torulaspora maleeae sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast species from Japan and Thailand". FEMS Yeast Res. 8 (2): 337–43. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00324.x. PMID 17986255.
4. Wang Q. M.; Xu J.; Wang H.; Li J.; Bai F. Y. (2009). "Torulaspora quercuum sp. nov. and Candida pseudohumilis sp. nov., novel yeasts from human and forest habitats". FEMS Yeast Res. 9 (8): 1322–6. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00567.x. PMID 19751217.
5. Albertin W.; Chasseriaud L.; Comte G.; Panfili A.; Delcamp A.; Salin F.; Marullo P.; Bely M. (2014). "Winemaking and bioprocesses strongly shaped the genetic diversity of the ubiquitous yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94246. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...994246A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094246. PMC 3981792. PMID 24718638.
6. Hernandez-Lopez M. J., Prieto J. A., Randez-Gil F.; Prieto; Randez-Gil (2003). "Osmotolerance and leavening ability in sweet and frozen sweet dough. Comparative analysis between Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast strains". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 84 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1023/A:1025413520192. PMID 14533716. S2CID 1688404.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
7. Alves-Araujo C., Almeida M. J., Sousa M. J., Leao C.; Almeida; Sousa; Leão (2004). "Freeze tolerance of the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii: cellular and biochemical basis". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 240 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.008. hdl:1822/2266. PMID 15500973.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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10. Nielsen Dennis S., Snitkjaer Pia, van den Berg Frans; Snitkjaer; Van Den Berg (2008). "Investigating the fermentation of cocoa by correlating Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis profiles and Near Infrared spectra". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 125 (2): 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.040. PMID 18499292.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. Papalexandratou Zoi, Falony Gwen, Romanens Edwina, Jimenez Juan Carlos, Amores Freddy, Daniel Heide-Marie, De Vuyst Luc; Falony; Romanens; Jimenez; Amores; Daniel; De Vuyst (2011). "Species Diversity, Community Dynamics, and Metabolite Kinetics of the Microbiota Associated with Traditional Ecuadorian Spontaneous Cocoa Bean Fermentations". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (21): 7698–7714. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.7698P. doi:10.1128/aem.05523-11. PMC 3209185. PMID 21926224.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. Kotzekidou P. (1997). "Identification of yeasts from black olives in rapid system microtitre plates". Food Microbiology. 14 (6): 609–616. doi:10.1006/fmic.1997.0133.
13. Etchells J. L.; Costilow R. N.; Bell T.A. (1952). "Identification of Yeasts from Commercial Cucumber Fermentations in Northern Brining Areas". Farlowia. 4: 249–264.
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18. Coton Emmanuel, Coton Monika, Levert Delphine, Casaregola Serge, Sohier Danièle; Coton; Levert; Casaregola; Sohier (2006). "Yeast ecology in French cider and black olive natural fermentations". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 108 (1): 130–135. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.016. PMID 16380183.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
19. Santo D.E., Galego L., Gonçalves T., Quintas C.; Galego; Gonçalves; Quintas (2012). "Yeast diversity in the Mediterranean strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits' fermentations". Food Research International. 47: 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.01.009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
20. Pataro C., Guerra J. B., Petrillo-Peixoto M. L., Mendonça-Hagler L. C., Linardi V. R., Rosa C. A.; Guerra; Petrillo-Peixoto; Mendonça-Hagler; Linardi; Rosa (2000). "Yeast communities and genetic polymorphism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains associated with artisanal fermentation in Brazil". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 89 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01092.x. PMID 10945775. S2CID 1519750.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
21. Stringini Marzia, Comitini Francesca, Taccari Manuela, Ciani Maurizio; Comitini; Taccari; Ciani (2008). "Yeast diversity in crop-growing environments in Cameroon". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 127 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.07.017. PMID 18723239.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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23. Welthagen Johan J., Viljoen Bennie C.; Viljoen (1998). "Yeast profile in Gouda cheese during processing and ripening". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 41 (3): 185–194. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00042-7. PMID 9706786.
24. Gadaga T. H., Mutukumira A. N., Narvhus J. A.; Mutukumira; Narvhus (2000). "Enumeration and identification of yeasts isolated from Zimbabwean traditional fermented milk". International Dairy Journal. 10 (7): 459–466. doi:10.1016/S0958-6946(00)00070-4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
25. Andrighetto C., Psomas E., Tzanetakis N., Suzzi G., Lombardi A.; Psomas; Tzanetakis; Suzzi; Lombardi (2000). "Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR for the identification of yeasts isolated from dairy products". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 30 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00589.x. PMID 10728551. S2CID 40222147.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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27. Ros-Chumillas Maria, Egea-Cortines Marcos, Lopez-Gomez Antonio, Weiss Julia; Egea-Cortines; Lopez-Gomez; Weiss (2007). "Evaluation of a rapid DNA extraction method to detect yeast cells by PCR in orange juice". Food Control. 18: 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.08.004.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
28. Capriotti Augusto (1957). "Torulaspora nilssoni nov. spec". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 28 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1007/bf00411496. S2CID 28529226.
29. Limtong Savitree, Koowadjanakul Nampueng; Koowadjanakul (2012). "Yeasts from phylloplane and their capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 28 (12): 3323–3335. doi:10.1007/s11274-012-1144-9. PMID 22886557. S2CID 5150320.
30. Tokuoka Keiko, Ishitani Takasuke, Goto Shoji, Komagata Kazuo; Ishitani; Goto; Komagata (1985). "Identification of yeasts isolated from high-sugar foods". The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 31 (5): 411–427. doi:10.2323/jgam.31.411.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
31. Nguyen Nhu H., Suh Sung-Oui, Blackwell Meredith; Suh; Blackwell (2007). "Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects". Mycologia. 99 (6): 842–858. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842. PMID 18333508.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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33. Kaygusuz I., Mulazimoglu L., Cerikcioglu N., Toprak A., Oktay A., Korten V.; Mulazimoglu; Cerikcioglu; Toprak; Oktay; Korten (2003). "An unusual native tricuspid valve endocarditis caused by Candida colliculosa". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 9 (4): 319–322. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00511.x. PMID 12667244.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
34. Castelli Tommaso (1954). "Les agents de la fermentation vinaire". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 20 (4): 323–342. doi:10.1007/bf00690877. S2CID 24837604.
35. van Breda Valmary, Jolly Neil, van Wyk Jessy; Jolly; Van Wyk (2013). "Characterisation of commercial and natural Torulaspora delbrueckii wine yeast strains". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 163 (2–3): 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.011. PMID 23558190.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
36. Sangorrín MarcelaP, Lopes ChristianA, Jofré Viviana, Querol Amparo, Caballero AdrianaC; Lopes; Jofré; Querol; Caballero (2008). "Spoilage yeasts from Patagonian cellars: characterization and potential biocontrol based on killer interactions". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 24 (7): 945–953. doi:10.1007/s11274-007-9557-6. S2CID 84979278.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
37. Bely M., Stoeckle P., Masneuf-Pomarede I., Dubourdieu D.; Stoeckle; Masneuf-Pomarède; Dubourdieu (2008). "Impact of mixed Torulaspora delbrueckii-Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on high-sugar fermentation". Int J Food Microbiol. 122 (3): 312–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.023. PMID 18262301.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
38. Albertin W., Chasseriaud L., Comte G., Panfili A., Delcamp A., Salin F., Marullo P., Bely M.; Chasseriaud; Comte; Panfili; Delcamp; Salin; Marullo; Bely (2014). "Winemaking and bioprocesses strongly shaped the genetic diversity of the ubiquitous yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94246. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...994246A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094246. PMC 3981792. PMID 24718638.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
39. Albertin W., Chasseriaud L., Comte G., Panfili A., Delcamp A., Salin F., Marullo P., Bely M.; Chasseriaud; Comte; Panfili; Delcamp; Salin; Marullo; Bely (2014). "Winemaking and bioprocesses strongly shaped the genetic diversity of the ubiquitous yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94246. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...994246A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094246. PMC 3981792. PMID 24718638.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)