This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used.See why.(December 2021)
The Tor family, named after the Tor River, is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Orya.
Stephen Wurm (1975) linked Orya and the Tor languages with the Lakes Plain languages, forming a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. Clouse (1997) found no evidence of such a connection.[1]Malcolm Ross (2005) linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor–Kwerba proposal, and Usher makes a broadly similar proposal. Glottolog accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated.[2]
Languagesedit
Foley (2018)edit
Foley (2018) provides the following classification.[3]
Jofotek and Mander are found to be the same language, whereas the ISO conflation of Edwas and Bonerif is found to be spurious. A Wares language is not attested. (The Wares people are not known to have a distinct language, and the language of the village of Wares is Mawes.)[5]
Proto-languageedit
Phonemesedit
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory tentatively as follows:[4]
*m
*n
*p
*t
*s
*k
*kʷ
*b
*d
*dz
*gʷ
*w
*ɾ
The stop *d is marginal and only occurs initially. *ɾ does not occur initially.
*i
*u
*e
*o
*ɛ
*ə
*ɔ
*a
Pronounsedit
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Orya–Tor are,
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns of the East Tor Coast branch as:[4]
East Tor Coast
sg
pl
1excl
*ai/ana
*ai-saise (?)
1incl
*ne-saise (?)
2
*im[i]
*im[i]-saise
3
*dei
*dei-saise
Basic vocabularyedit
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[4]
gloss
Proto-Orya-Tor River
Proto-Tor River
Orya
head
*nəbaɾ
*nəbaɾ
leaf/hair
*aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ]
*aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ]
ala
eye
*nVwɛ
*nVwɛ
nwe
nose
*masɛ
*masɛ
mase
tongue
*mapəɾ[Vm]
*mafəɾVm
mahal
foot/leg
*ta[g]əna
*ta[g]əna
tana
breast
*mo̝m
*mo̝m
mom
louse
*nɛna
*nɛna
dog
*gʷəɾa
*gʷəɾa
pig
*gʷas
*gʷas
bird
*dzu
*dzu
egg
*s[u]w[e̝]
*s[u]w[e̝]
tree/wood
*te̝
*te̝
te
woman/wife
*kʷe̝
*kʷe̝
we
moon
*p[ɛⁱ]n
*fɛⁱn
water
*pɔ
*fɔ
ho
path
*nVɾ
*nVɾ
name
*bo̝s[ɛ/a]
*bo̝s[ɛ/a]
bose
one
*apa
*afa
two
*nawɛt
*nawɛt
Referencesedit
^Clouse, Duane A. (1997). Karl Franklin (ed.). "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plains languages of Irian Jaya". Papers in New Guinea Linguistics. 2: 133–236. ISSN 0078-9135. OCLC 2729642.
^ abFoley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN978-3-11-028642-7.
^Reported also in Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
External linksedit
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Orya – Tor River
May 02, 2024
orya, languages, this, article, should, specify, language, english, content, using, lang, transliteration, transliterated, languages, phonetic, transcriptions, with, appropriate, code, wikipedia, multilingual, support, templates, also, used, december, 2021, fa. This article should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why December 2021 The Orya Tor languages are a family of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Western New Guinea Indonesia Orya TorGeographicdistributionTor River region Western New GuineaLinguistic classificationNorthwest Papuan Foja Range Tor Kwerba Orya TorSubdivisionsTor OryaGlottologtoro1256 Contents 1 Classification 2 Languages 2 1 Foley 2018 2 2 Usher 2020 3 Proto language 3 1 Phonemes 3 2 Pronouns 3 3 Basic vocabulary 4 References 5 External linksClassification editThe Tor family named after the Tor River is clearly established Its closest relative appears to be Orya Stephen Wurm 1975 linked Orya and the Tor languages with the Lakes Plain languages forming a branch of his Trans New Guinea phylum Clouse 1997 found no evidence of such a connection 1 Malcolm Ross 2005 linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor Kwerba proposal and Usher makes a broadly similar proposal Glottolog accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated 2 Languages editFoley 2018 edit Foley 2018 provides the following classification 3 Tor Orya Uria Warpok Warpu Sause Seuce Berik Upper Tor Itik Kwesten Mander not a distinct language Dineor Maremgi Wares doesn t exist Bonerif Benaraf Edwas not the same language Dabe Jofotek Bromnya Keijar Keder Kwinsu Ansudu Betaf Tena Vitou Takar Foley considers the inclusion of Sause within the Tor family to be questionable due to insufficient lexical evidence 3 See Kapauri Sause languages Usher 2020 edit Timothy Usher provides the following classification 4 Orya Tor River Orya Tor River Maremgi Dineor Edwas Benaraf Berik Bonerif Berik Bonerif East Tor River Jofotek Mander Itik Tor Coast Kwesten Dabe Keijar East Tor Coast Kwinsu Fitou Tena Tena Betaf Fitou Vitou Jofotek and Mander are found to be the same language whereas the ISO conflation of Edwas and Bonerif is found to be spurious A Wares language is not attested The Wares people are not known to have a distinct language and the language of the village of Wares is Mawes 5 Proto language editPhonemes edit Usher 2020 reconstructs the consonant inventory tentatively as follows 4 m n p t s k kʷ b d dz gʷ w ɾ The stop d is marginal and only occurs initially ɾ does not occur initially i u e o ɛ e ɔ a Pronouns edit The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto Orya Tor are I ai exclusive we inclusive we ne thou emei you em s he je they Usher 2020 reconstructs the pronouns of the East Tor Coast branch as 4 East Tor Coast sg pl 1excl ai ana ai saise 1incl ne saise 2 im i im i saise 3 dei dei saise Basic vocabulary edit Some lexical reconstructions by Usher 2020 are 4 gloss Proto Orya Tor River Proto Tor River Orya head nebaɾ nebaɾ leaf hair aɾ ɛ a n ŋ aɾ ɛ a n ŋ ala eye nVwɛ nVwɛ nwe nose masɛ masɛ mase tongue mapeɾ Vm mafeɾVm mahal foot leg ta g ena ta g ena tana breast mo m mo m mom louse nɛna nɛna dog gʷeɾa gʷeɾa pig gʷas gʷas bird dzu dzu egg s u w e s u w e tree wood te te te woman wife kʷe kʷe we moon p ɛⁱ n fɛⁱn water pɔ fɔ ho path nVɾ nVɾ name bo s ɛ a bo s ɛ a bose one apa afa two nawɛt nawɛtReferences edit Clouse Duane A 1997 Karl Franklin ed Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plains languages of Irian Jaya Papers in New Guinea Linguistics 2 133 236 ISSN 0078 9135 OCLC 2729642 Hammarstrom Harald Forke Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian eds 2020 Tor Orya Glottolog 4 3 a b Foley William A 2018 The languages of Northwest New Guinea In Palmer Bill ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics Vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 433 568 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 a b c d New Guinea World Orya Tor River Reported also in Hammarstrom 2015 Ethnologue 16 17 18th editions a comprehensive review online appendices Ross Malcolm 2005 Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages In Andrew Pawley Robert Attenborough Robin Hide Jack Golson eds Papuan pasts cultural linguistic and biological histories of Papuan speaking peoples Canberra Pacific Linguistics pp 15 66 ISBN 0858835622 OCLC 67292782 External links editTimothy Usher New Guinea World Proto Orya Tor River Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orya Tor languages amp oldid 1058855880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
