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The Tomb of Pope Julius II is a sculptural and architectural ensemble by Michelangelo and his assistants, originally commissioned in 1505 but not completed until 1545 on a much reduced scale. Originally intended for St. Peter's Basilica, the structure was instead placed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli on the Esquiline in Rome after the pope's death. This church was patronized by the Della Rovere family from which Julius came, and he had been titular cardinal there. Julius II, however, is buried next to his uncle Sixtus IV in St. Peter's Basilica, so the final structure does not actually function as a tomb.
Hypothetical reconstruction of the first project for the tomb of Julius II (1505) according to a new interpretation by Adriano Marinazzo (2018).[1]
As originally conceived, the tomb would have been a colossal structure that would have given Michelangelo the room he needed for his superhuman, tragic beings. This project became one of the great disappointments of Michelangelo's life when the pope, for unexplained reasons, interrupted the commission, possibly because funds had to be diverted for Bramante's rebuilding of St. Peter's.[2] The original project called for a freestanding, three-level structure with some 40 statues. After the pope's death in 1513, the scale of the project was reduced step-by-step until, in April 1532,[3][unreliable source?] a final contract specified a simple wall tomb with fewer than one-third of the figures originally planned.[4]
The most famous sculpture associated with the tomb is the figure of Moses, which Michelangelo completed during one of the sporadic resumptions of the work in 1513.[citation needed] Michelangelo felt that this was his most lifelike creation. Legend has it that upon its completion he struck the right knee commanding, "now speak!" as he felt that life was the only thing left inside the marble. There is a scar on the knee thought to be the mark of Michelangelo's hammer.
1505 – Julius commissions a tomb from Michelangelo, who spends eight months choosing marble at Carrara.[5] Sometime during construction, however, Michelangelo and the Pope have a quarrel, causing Michelangelo to leave Rome for his safety.[6]
1508[citation needed] – Donato Bramante, apparently jealous of Michelangelo's commission, used Michelangelo's absence to convince the Pope that it is bad luck to have his tomb built during his own lifetime, and that Michelangelo's time would be better spent on the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Vatican Palace. He, along with Michelangelo's other rivals, thought that Michelangelo would be unable to complete the massive ceiling project and thus be humiliated and leave Rome.[7]
1512 – With his decoration of the Sistine Chapel ceiling complete, Michelangelo resumed work on the tomb. Between 1512 and 1513 he completed three sculptures for the project: the Dying and Rebellious Slaves (now in the Louvre, Paris) and Moses (retained in the final design). [citation needed]
1513 – Julius died in February 1513. A new contract was drawn up on 6 May which specified a wall tomb. On 9 July Michelangelo contracted a stonemason, Antonio del Ponte a Sieve, to execute the architectural elements of the tomb's lower register, which can be seen in the final design.[8] A large, ruined drawing attributed to Michelangelo survives from this phase of the project, in the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin; a more legible facsimile by his pupil Jacomo Rocchetti is also in the same collection. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has a drawing of the tomb from this period.[9] Though no longer for a free-standing monument, the project in fact became more ambitious both in terms of size and the complexity of its iconography.[10]
1516 – Michelangelo agrees to a new contract with Julius's heirs, who demand the completion of the project.
1532 – Michelangelo signs a second new contract, which involves a wall-tomb.
1542 – Michelangelo begins the wall-tomb after negotiating final details with Julius's grandson.
1545 – The final tomb, more properly a funerary monument because Julius II is not interred there, is completed and installed in San Pietro in Vincoli; it includes Michelangelo's Moses along with Leah and Rachel (probably completed by Michelangelo's assistants) on the lower level, and several other sculptures (definitely not by Michelangelo) on the upper level.
Study for a wall tomb, c. 1506, attributed to Michelangelo. This may be a surviving visual evidence for the project commissioned in 1505, but contradicts Michelangelo's early biographers’ description of a freestanding tomb.
Michelangelo Second design for wall tomb for Julius II.
Reconstruction of the original project of 1505 for a freestanding tomb (after Franco Russoli, 1952)[11]
Reconstruction of the 1513 project, based on a drawing by Jacomo Rocchetti (a pupil of Michelangelo) in the Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin
Reconstruction of the 1516 project
Reconstruction of the 1532 project
The tomb of Julius II, with Michelangelo's statues of Rachel and Leah on the left and the right of his Moses.
Sculpturesedit
The statues of the Dying Slave and the Rebellious Slave were finished but not included in the monument in its last and reduced design.[12] They are now in the Louvre. Another figure intended for Pope Julius' tomb is The Genius of Victory, now in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Other sculptures for the tomb were the Young Slave, the Atlas Slave, the Bearded Slave and the Awakening Slave. The sculptures of Rachel and Leah, allegories of the contemplative and the active life, were executed by Raffaello da Montelupo, a pupil of Michelangelo. The other sculptures are by less experienced pupils.
^Vasari, Giorgio (1850). Lives of the most eminent painters, sculptors, and architects: translated from the Italian of Giorgio Vasari. Vol. 5. London: Henry G. Bohn. p. 246.
^"Michelangelo Buonarroti: Project for a Wall Tomb for Pope Julius II (62.93.1)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. (October 2006)
^Hibbard, Howard (1978). Michelangelo. Penguin. p. 203. ISBN0140220224.
Sourcesedit
Panofsky, Erwin (December 1937). "The First Two Projects of Michelangelo's Tomb of Julius II". The Art Bulletin. 19 (2): 561–79. doi:10.2307/3045700. JSTOR 3045700.
Sweetser, Moses Foster (1878). Michael Angelo. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company.
Further readingedit
Frommel, Christoph Luitpold, Maria Forcellino, Claudia Echinger-Maurach, Antonio Cassanelli, Roberto Jemolo, Forcellino, Antonio, Cassanelli, Roberto, and Jemolo, Andrea. Michelangelo's Tomb for Julius II : Genesis and Genius. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2016.
External linksedit
Media related to Grave for Julius II by Michelangelo Buonarroti at Wikimedia Commons
January 01, 1970
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian January 2021 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 067 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at it Tomba di Giulio II see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated it Tomba di Giulio II to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Tomb of Pope Julius II is a sculptural and architectural ensemble by Michelangelo and his assistants originally commissioned in 1505 but not completed until 1545 on a much reduced scale Originally intended for St Peter s Basilica the structure was instead placed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli on the Esquiline in Rome after the pope s death This church was patronized by the Della Rovere family from which Julius came and he had been titular cardinal there Julius II however is buried next to his uncle Sixtus IV in St Peter s Basilica so the final structure does not actually function as a tomb Tomb of Pope Julius IIMichelangelo s MosesClick on the map for a fullscreen viewArtistMichelangeloYear1505 1505 TypeSculptureLocationRomeCoordinates41 53 38 N 12 29 36 E 41 8939 N 12 4934 E 41 8939 12 4934Preceded bySt Matthew Michelangelo Followed byMoses Michelangelo Hypothetical reconstruction of the first project for the tomb of Julius II 1505 according to a new interpretation by Adriano Marinazzo 2018 1 As originally conceived the tomb would have been a colossal structure that would have given Michelangelo the room he needed for his superhuman tragic beings This project became one of the great disappointments of Michelangelo s life when the pope for unexplained reasons interrupted the commission possibly because funds had to be diverted for Bramante s rebuilding of St Peter s 2 The original project called for a freestanding three level structure with some 40 statues After the pope s death in 1513 the scale of the project was reduced step by step until in April 1532 3 unreliable source a final contract specified a simple wall tomb with fewer than one third of the figures originally planned 4 The most famous sculpture associated with the tomb is the figure of Moses which Michelangelo completed during one of the sporadic resumptions of the work in 1513 citation needed Michelangelo felt that this was his most lifelike creation Legend has it that upon its completion he struck the right knee commanding now speak as he felt that life was the only thing left inside the marble There is a scar on the knee thought to be the mark of Michelangelo s hammer Contents 1 History 2 Sculptures 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory edit1505 Julius commissions a tomb from Michelangelo who spends eight months choosing marble at Carrara 5 Sometime during construction however Michelangelo and the Pope have a quarrel causing Michelangelo to leave Rome for his safety 6 1508 citation needed Donato Bramante apparently jealous of Michelangelo s commission used Michelangelo s absence to convince the Pope that it is bad luck to have his tomb built during his own lifetime and that Michelangelo s time would be better spent on the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Vatican Palace He along with Michelangelo s other rivals thought that Michelangelo would be unable to complete the massive ceiling project and thus be humiliated and leave Rome 7 1512 With his decoration of the Sistine Chapel ceiling complete Michelangelo resumed work on the tomb Between 1512 and 1513 he completed three sculptures for the project the Dying and Rebellious Slaves now in the Louvre Paris and Moses retained in the final design citation needed 1513 Julius died in February 1513 A new contract was drawn up on 6 May which specified a wall tomb On 9 July Michelangelo contracted a stonemason Antonio del Ponte a Sieve to execute the architectural elements of the tomb s lower register which can be seen in the final design 8 A large ruined drawing attributed to Michelangelo survives from this phase of the project in the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin a more legible facsimile by his pupil Jacomo Rocchetti is also in the same collection The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has a drawing of the tomb from this period 9 Though no longer for a free standing monument the project in fact became more ambitious both in terms of size and the complexity of its iconography 10 1516 Michelangelo agrees to a new contract with Julius s heirs who demand the completion of the project 1520s Michelangelo carves The Genius of Victory and four unfinished Slaves now in the Accademia Florence 1532 Michelangelo signs a second new contract which involves a wall tomb 1542 Michelangelo begins the wall tomb after negotiating final details with Julius s grandson 1545 The final tomb more properly a funerary monument because Julius II is not interred there is completed and installed in San Pietro in Vincoli it includes Michelangelo s Moses along with Leah and Rachel probably completed by Michelangelo s assistants on the lower level and several other sculptures definitely not by Michelangelo on the upper level nbsp Study for a wall tomb c 1506 attributed to Michelangelo This may be a surviving visual evidence for the project commissioned in 1505 but contradicts Michelangelo s early biographers description of a freestanding tomb nbsp Michelangelo Second design for wall tomb for Julius II nbsp Reconstruction of the original project of 1505 for a freestanding tomb after Franco Russoli 1952 11 nbsp Reconstruction of the 1513 project based on a drawing by Jacomo Rocchetti a pupil of Michelangelo in the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin nbsp Reconstruction of the 1516 project nbsp Reconstruction of the 1532 project nbsp The tomb of Julius II with Michelangelo s statues of Rachel and Leah on the left and the right of his Moses Sculptures editThe statues of the Dying Slave and the Rebellious Slave were finished but not included in the monument in its last and reduced design 12 They are now in the Louvre Another figure intended for Pope Julius tomb is The Genius of Victory now in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence Other sculptures for the tomb were the Young Slave the Atlas Slave the Bearded Slave and the Awakening Slave The sculptures of Rachel and Leah allegories of the contemplative and the active life were executed by Raffaello da Montelupo a pupil of Michelangelo The other sculptures are by less experienced pupils nbsp Dying Slave nbsp Rebellious Slave nbsp The Genius of Victory 1527 1530 13 nbsp Young Slave nbsp Atlas Slave nbsp Bearded Slave nbsp Awakening SlaveSee also editList of works by MichelangeloReferences edit Marinazzo Adriano 2018 La Tomba di Giulio II e l architettura dipinta della volta della Sistina Art e Dossier 357 46 51 Kleiner Fred S Christin J Mamiya and Helen Gardner Gardner s Art Through the Ages 12th ed Belmont Wadsworth 2004 Sweetser 1878 p 92 Sweetser 1878 p 107 Vasari Giorgio 1850 Lives of the most eminent painters sculptors and architects translated from the Italian of Giorgio Vasari Vol 5 London Henry G Bohn p 246 Vasari 1850 pp 250 252 Vasari 1850 p 254 Panofsky 1937 p 566 Michelangelo Buonarroti Project for a Wall Tomb for Pope Julius II 62 93 1 In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2000 October 2006 Panofsky 1937 p 577 Panofsky 1937 pp 561 579 See Charles Robertson s article in The Slave in European Art ed Elizabeth McGrath and Jean Michel Massing London The Warburg Institute 2012 Hibbard Howard 1978 Michelangelo Penguin p 203 ISBN 0140220224 Sources editPanofsky Erwin December 1937 The First Two Projects of Michelangelo s Tomb of Julius II The Art Bulletin 19 2 561 79 doi 10 2307 3045700 JSTOR 3045700 Sweetser Moses Foster 1878 Michael Angelo Boston Houghton Osgood and Company Further reading editFrommel Christoph Luitpold Maria Forcellino Claudia Echinger Maurach Antonio Cassanelli Roberto Jemolo Forcellino Antonio Cassanelli Roberto and Jemolo Andrea Michelangelo s Tomb for Julius II Genesis and Genius Los Angeles J Paul Getty Museum 2016 External links edit nbsp Media related to Grave for Julius II by Michelangelo Buonarroti at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tomb of Pope Julius II amp oldid 1192830226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
