fbpx
Wikipedia

Tolmo de Minateda

January 01, 1970

The Tolmo de Minateda is an archaeological site located in Hellín (Albacete, Spain) excavated since 1988 by a joint team from the University of Alicante and the Albacete Provincial Museum, directed by Jose Antonio Simarro, Sol colita, Blanca Gamo and Pablo Cánovas,[1] with funding and authorization from the Junta of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha.

Tolmo de Minateda seen from the east
Access to the site
Defensive structures
Ancient basilica in Tolmo de Minateda
Tolmo de Minateda Interpretation Center

The tolmo is a rocky pillar-like hill in a plain of approximately 7 hectares, which stands at a strategic crossroads between the southern part of the Meseta Central and the southeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea; this route followed the Roman road Complutum-Carthago Nova (Toletum-Cartago de Esparta in medieval times).[2]

A branch of this road passes through the thalweg that leads to the tolmo, known by the name of El Reguerón and that presents deep furrows carved by the wheels of the carts, since for millennia it constituted the only access road to the hill. The strategic position of the tolmo allowed it to be inhabited uninterruptedly for more than 3,000 years, from the Bronze Age until the Islamic occupation.[2]

History edit

Its emergence came with the Iberians and Romans. In the year 9 B.C., the city reached the rank of municipality, probably under the name of Ilunum.[3] However, from the middle of the 2nd century it gradually declined to the benefit of the villas in the valley. The present-day Minateda did not recover until the 6th century, during Justinian's attempt to restore the Western Roman Empire.

After the reestablishment of Visigothic control, an episcopal see arose here under the name of Eio, whose bishops signed in the conciliar acts as "ilicitanae, qui et eiotanae"; this allusion to Ilici (La Alcudia, Elche) would imply some kind of dependence on the then powerful bishop of this city.[4]

After the arrival of the Muslims, the city was one of those included in the pact signed in 713 between the comes or doge Teodomiro and the conqueror Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa. It maintained its existence for almost two hundred years, although the church must have soon lost its religious character. Its place was occupied by an Islamic quarter until the end of the 9th century when the city was definitively abandoned. From then on the place became known as Madīnat Iyyuh (Arabic adaptation of Eio), the name from which the present-day Minateda derives.[2]

The importance of the hill in antiquity began to be glimpsed in the 19th century, but it has not been until the last three decades that the excavation of its ruins has intensified.

Archaeological interventions edit

At the entrance to the site, excavations have uncovered three defensive structures. The oldest is from the 2nd–1st centuries BC, of ataludada form and built with masonry, although in its interior there are vestiges that date back to the Bronze Age.[3] In Augustan times it was covered with an ashlar wall to commemorate the granting to the city of the municipal statute, probably with the name of Ilunum. Some ashlars with monumental inscriptions have allowed us to know that this work was done in the second half of the year 9 B.C., under the auspices of the Emperor Augustus and the more or less direct intervention of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of the province.[5]

In the 6th century, the remains of this wall were used in the construction of a forward bastion in the shape of an L, with a vaulted gate flanked by two towers. Its northern corner crumbled over the road, rendering it useless.[citation needed]

In the upper part of the site, a religious and palatial complex from the Visigothic period was excavated.[5] The main building is a basilica with three naves separated by columns, with an apse at the head and a tripartite baptistery at the foot. Attached to its north side, a building of large dimensions and monumental structure seems to had functions of representation, administration and residence. It is possible that it is the palace of the seat of Elo or Eio, created between 589 and 610 to administer the part of the diocese of Ilici that remained in Visigothic hands, since the rest was in the hands of Byzantium.[5] Around the complex there was a cemetery with numerous graves and burials reserved for lay and religious elites, who sought the protection of the relics of the church.

 
View from the southeast

To the south of the site there is an enclosure closed by a long wall, probably a Visigothic "castellum", which confirms the strategic location of the tolmo and its relationship with the road that gave it meaning.[citation needed]

At the end of the 19th century, the slopes were populated by semi-rural houses that came to form a small entity, until their abandonment in the middle of the 20th century. As part of the Tolmo de Minateda project, the restoration of the best preserved houses has begun.[6]

 
Entrance to the Archaeological Park

To the north of the hill are visible vestiges of staggered funerary monuments from the Roman-Republican period, made of ashlar or adobe. Inside was the urn with the ashes of the deceased, along with his trousseau. Above this, levels from the Imperial period were documented, with cremation graves in urns deposited in open pits in the ground. Later a burial necropolis was located on the site, in use from the late Roman to the Islamic period. In the same cemetery Christian and Islamic burials converged, something rarely found in other places.[7]

Archaeological park edit

 
Interpretation Center

The Junta of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha declared Tolmo de Minateda as one of its five archaeological parks, together with Segobriga, Alarcos, Carranque and Recopolis.[3] This involved consolidation and improvement works on the structures, the adaptation of two visitable circuits and the construction of an interpretation center. The project was fully completed in early 2011 and was finally opened to the public on March 4, 2019.[citation needed]

Commented pictorial work edit

  • Minateda cave painting, 6000-3000 B.C.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ "Nuevos trabajos en el Tolmo de Minateda mejorarán la gestión de los datos en próximas excavaciones". elobjetivodehellin (in Spanish). Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Abad Casal, Lorenzo; Sanz Gamo, Rubí; Gutiérrez Lloret, Sonia; Gutiérrez Lloret (1998). El "Tolmo de Minateda" una historia de tres mil quinientos años (in Spanish). Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
  3. ^ a b c Abad Casal, Lorenzo (2004). El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete) (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
  4. ^ Abad, Lorenzo (2016). L'Alcúdia d'Elx. Un paseo por la historia y el entorno (in Spanish). Universitat d'Alacant. p. 37.
  5. ^ a b c URBS REGIA (2019). ""Orígenes de Europa" Etapa: Toledo-Hellin-Valencia-Ribarroja del Turia" (PDF). Haciendo Ruta (in Spanish).
  6. ^ Abad Casal, L.; Gutiérrez Lloret, S.; Gamo Parras, B.; Cánovas Guillén, P. (2012). El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete, España): un proyecto de investigación y puesta en valor del Patrimonio (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Debates de Arqueología Medieval. pp. 351–381.
  7. ^ Gutiérrez Lloret, Sonia; Gutiérrez Lloret, S.; Sanz Gamo, R. (1993). El proyecto de investigación arqueológica "Tolmo de Minateda" (Hellín, Albacete): nuevas perspectivas en el panorama arqueológico del sureste peninsular (in Spanish). Madrid: Arqueología en Albacete. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 147–176.
  8. ^ Carabaño Aguado, Iván. "Carabaño Aguado I. Pintura rupestre de Minateda, 6000-3000 a. C. La Guardería. Albert Samuel Anker, 1860. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2012;14:373-4" (in Spanish).

Bibliography edit

  • Abad Casal, Lorenzo (2004). El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete) (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
  • Abad Casal, Lorenzo; Sanz Gamo, Rubí; Gutiérrez Lloret, Sonia; Gutiérrez Lloret (1998). El "Tolmo de Minateda" una historia de tres mil quinientos años (in Spanish). Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
  • Gutiérrez Lloret, Sonia; Gutiérrez Lloret, S.; Sanz Gamo, R. (1993). El proyecto de investigación arqueológica "Tolmo de Minateda" (Hellín, Albacete): nuevas perspectivas en el panorama arqueológico del sureste peninsular (in Spanish). Madrid: Arqueología en Albacete. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 147–176.
  • Abad Casal, L.; Gutiérrez Lloret, S.; Gamo Parras, B.; Cánovas Guillén, P. (2012). El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete, España): un proyecto de investigación y puesta en valor del Patrimonio (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Debates de Arqueología Medieval. pp. 351–381.
  • Sarabia Bautista, Julia (2003). Los elementos arquitectónicos ornamentales en el Tolmo de Minateda (in Spanish). Albacete: Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses.

External links edit

  • Official website (in Spanish)
  • The site of Hellin will be an Archaeological Park (in Spanish)
  • The Tolmo de Minateda could hide a mosque (in Spanish)
  • (in Spanish)
  • Images (in Spanish)

38°28′35″N 1°36′21″W / 38.4763°N 1.6059°W / 38.4763; -1.6059

January 01, 1970
tolmo, minateda, archaeological, site, located, hellín, albacete, spain, excavated, since, 1988, joint, team, from, university, alicante, albacete, provincial, museum, directed, jose, antonio, simarro, colita, blanca, gamo, pablo, cánovas, with, funding, autho. The Tolmo de Minateda is an archaeological site located in Hellin Albacete Spain excavated since 1988 by a joint team from the University of Alicante and the Albacete Provincial Museum directed by Jose Antonio Simarro Sol colita Blanca Gamo and Pablo Canovas 1 with funding and authorization from the Junta of Communities of Castilla La Mancha Tolmo de Minateda seen from the east Access to the site Defensive structures Ancient basilica in Tolmo de Minateda Tolmo de Minateda Interpretation Center The tolmo is a rocky pillar like hill in a plain of approximately 7 hectares which stands at a strategic crossroads between the southern part of the Meseta Central and the southeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea this route followed the Roman road Complutum Carthago Nova Toletum Cartago de Esparta in medieval times 2 A branch of this road passes through the thalweg that leads to the tolmo known by the name of El Regueron and that presents deep furrows carved by the wheels of the carts since for millennia it constituted the only access road to the hill The strategic position of the tolmo allowed it to be inhabited uninterruptedly for more than 3 000 years from the Bronze Age until the Islamic occupation 2 Contents 1 History 2 Archaeological interventions 3 Archaeological park 4 Commented pictorial work 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksHistory editIts emergence came with the Iberians and Romans In the year 9 B C the city reached the rank of municipality probably under the name of Ilunum 3 However from the middle of the 2nd century it gradually declined to the benefit of the villas in the valley The present day Minateda did not recover until the 6th century during Justinian s attempt to restore the Western Roman Empire After the reestablishment of Visigothic control an episcopal see arose here under the name of Eio whose bishops signed in the conciliar acts as ilicitanae qui et eiotanae this allusion to Ilici La Alcudia Elche would imply some kind of dependence on the then powerful bishop of this city 4 After the arrival of the Muslims the city was one of those included in the pact signed in 713 between the comes or doge Teodomiro and the conqueror Abd al Aziz ibn Musa It maintained its existence for almost two hundred years although the church must have soon lost its religious character Its place was occupied by an Islamic quarter until the end of the 9th century when the city was definitively abandoned From then on the place became known as Madinat Iyyuh Arabic adaptation of Eio the name from which the present day Minateda derives 2 The importance of the hill in antiquity began to be glimpsed in the 19th century but it has not been until the last three decades that the excavation of its ruins has intensified Archaeological interventions editAt the entrance to the site excavations have uncovered three defensive structures The oldest is from the 2nd 1st centuries BC of ataludada form and built with masonry although in its interior there are vestiges that date back to the Bronze Age 3 In Augustan times it was covered with an ashlar wall to commemorate the granting to the city of the municipal statute probably with the name of Ilunum Some ashlars with monumental inscriptions have allowed us to know that this work was done in the second half of the year 9 B C under the auspices of the Emperor Augustus and the more or less direct intervention of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus governor of the province 5 In the 6th century the remains of this wall were used in the construction of a forward bastion in the shape of an L with a vaulted gate flanked by two towers Its northern corner crumbled over the road rendering it useless citation needed In the upper part of the site a religious and palatial complex from the Visigothic period was excavated 5 The main building is a basilica with three naves separated by columns with an apse at the head and a tripartite baptistery at the foot Attached to its north side a building of large dimensions and monumental structure seems to had functions of representation administration and residence It is possible that it is the palace of the seat of Elo or Eio created between 589 and 610 to administer the part of the diocese of Ilici that remained in Visigothic hands since the rest was in the hands of Byzantium 5 Around the complex there was a cemetery with numerous graves and burials reserved for lay and religious elites who sought the protection of the relics of the church nbsp View from the southeast To the south of the site there is an enclosure closed by a long wall probably a Visigothic castellum which confirms the strategic location of the tolmo and its relationship with the road that gave it meaning citation needed At the end of the 19th century the slopes were populated by semi rural houses that came to form a small entity until their abandonment in the middle of the 20th century As part of the Tolmo de Minateda project the restoration of the best preserved houses has begun 6 nbsp Entrance to the Archaeological Park To the north of the hill are visible vestiges of staggered funerary monuments from the Roman Republican period made of ashlar or adobe Inside was the urn with the ashes of the deceased along with his trousseau Above this levels from the Imperial period were documented with cremation graves in urns deposited in open pits in the ground Later a burial necropolis was located on the site in use from the late Roman to the Islamic period In the same cemetery Christian and Islamic burials converged something rarely found in other places 7 Archaeological park edit nbsp Interpretation Center The Junta of Communities of Castilla La Mancha declared Tolmo de Minateda as one of its five archaeological parks together with Segobriga Alarcos Carranque and Recopolis 3 This involved consolidation and improvement works on the structures the adaptation of two visitable circuits and the construction of an interpretation center The project was fully completed in early 2011 and was finally opened to the public on March 4 2019 citation needed Commented pictorial work editMinateda cave painting 6000 3000 B C 8 References edit Nuevos trabajos en el Tolmo de Minateda mejoraran la gestion de los datos en proximas excavaciones elobjetivodehellin in Spanish Retrieved February 1 2016 a b c Abad Casal Lorenzo Sanz Gamo Rubi Gutierrez Lloret Sonia Gutierrez Lloret 1998 El Tolmo de Minateda una historia de tres mil quinientos anos in Spanish Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha a b c Abad Casal Lorenzo 2004 El Tolmo de Minateda Hellin Albacete in Spanish Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Abad Lorenzo 2016 L Alcudia d Elx Un paseo por la historia y el entorno in Spanish Universitat d Alacant p 37 a b c URBS REGIA 2019 Origenes de Europa Etapa Toledo Hellin Valencia Ribarroja del Turia PDF Haciendo Ruta in Spanish Abad Casal L Gutierrez Lloret S Gamo Parras B Canovas Guillen P 2012 El Tolmo de Minateda Hellin Albacete Espana un proyecto de investigacion y puesta en valor del Patrimonio in Spanish 2 ed Debates de Arqueologia Medieval pp 351 381 Gutierrez Lloret Sonia Gutierrez Lloret S Sanz Gamo R 1993 El proyecto de investigacion arqueologica Tolmo de Minateda Hellin Albacete nuevas perspectivas en el panorama arqueologico del sureste peninsular in Spanish Madrid Arqueologia en Albacete Servicio de Publicaciones de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha pp 147 176 Carabano Aguado Ivan Carabano Aguado I Pintura rupestre de Minateda 6000 3000 a C La Guarderia Albert Samuel Anker 1860 Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria 2012 14 373 4 in Spanish Bibliography editAbad Casal Lorenzo 2004 El Tolmo de Minateda Hellin Albacete in Spanish Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Abad Casal Lorenzo Sanz Gamo Rubi Gutierrez Lloret Sonia Gutierrez Lloret 1998 El Tolmo de Minateda una historia de tres mil quinientos anos in Spanish Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha Gutierrez Lloret Sonia Gutierrez Lloret S Sanz Gamo R 1993 El proyecto de investigacion arqueologica Tolmo de Minateda Hellin Albacete nuevas perspectivas en el panorama arqueologico del sureste peninsular in Spanish Madrid Arqueologia en Albacete Servicio de Publicaciones de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha pp 147 176 Abad Casal L Gutierrez Lloret S Gamo Parras B Canovas Guillen P 2012 El Tolmo de Minateda Hellin Albacete Espana un proyecto de investigacion y puesta en valor del Patrimonio in Spanish 2 ed Debates de Arqueologia Medieval pp 351 381 Sarabia Bautista Julia 2003 Los elementos arquitectonicos ornamentales en el Tolmo de Minateda in Spanish Albacete Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses External links editOfficial website in Spanish The site of Hellin will be an Archaeological Park in Spanish The Tolmo de Minateda could hide a mosque in Spanish Tolmo de Minateda Image Gallery in Spanish Images in Spanish 38 28 35 N 1 36 21 W 38 4763 N 1 6059 W 38 4763 1 6059 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tolmo de Minateda amp oldid 1226062716, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.