Toe pecking, an abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity, occurs when one bird pecks the toes of another using its beak. This behaviour has been reported in hens[1][2] and ostriches.[3] Studies have shown that hens exposed to toe pecking have significantly enlarged adrenal glands, indicating increased physiological stress. Hens exposed to toe pecking will step off a raised platform more quickly than control hens, possibly suggesting a heightened fear of elevation.[4] They have also been reported to show depressive behaviour (retreating to corner of the pen, not eating and losing weight) when afflicted by toe-pecking.[4] The act of toe pecking leads to open wounds which are viable for infection and disease to develop. In severe forms, toe pecking can be classified as a cannibalistic behaviour and has been reported as a cause of mortality.[5]
Chickens kept in captivity are more likely to engage in abnormal behaviours such as toe pecking.
Chickens kept in captivity are more likely to engage in abnormal behaviours such as toe pecking.
The abnormal behaviour of toe pecking is suggested to be influenced by multiple causes. Some mainstream theories include;
Overcrowding, when birds have been pecked at they are typically in captivity and given very little space to move around. This implies they are unable to escape, this lack of escape changes the birds’ behaviour in which they are less likely to fight back and rather accept the pecking to the point of injury.[6]
Natural establishment of pecking order, this becomes unhealthy when blood is drawn from the animal due to the pecking behaviour. Once blood appears the red coloration of it is enticing to chickens as they are naturally drawn to the color red.[7] This may cause them to continue pecking at the same spot, causing further damage.
Nutrient deficiencies, specifically salt and methionine. High energy and low-fiber increase energy and aggressive behaviours and therefore are more likely to influence toe-pecking behaviour.[8]
High heat and light, hostility and cannibalistic behaviours are very likely to occur in excessive heat or constantly lit spaces.[8]
Lack of feeder/water space, with limited resources aggression is likely to increase.
Preventionedit
Addressing these issues and providing viable solutions is an important part of the animals welfare. Possible solutions could include, ensuring there is enough space for the bird. It is recommended hens should have approximately 4 square feet (chicken tractor) and 6-10 if in a coop.[8] However, each bird species may differ on the recommended space.
Natural pecking order establishment occurs as a normal behaviour for birds. However, when it becomes abnormal (visible blood), it is important to separate any bird that may be to the point of bleeding from the other birds until they are healed to prevent further injury. This is likely to occur when new birds are introduced to the flock and therefore an introductory stage should be implemented.
High energy and low fiber diets cause chickens to have increased activity levels and aggression, this may lead to toe-pecking and other pecking behaviours. A balanced diet for the type and age of bird you are rising is an important factor in their behaviour. This includes the availability of the food to the birds.
Lastly, a regulated environment for birds is important to their welfare as a naturalistic setting is best for their health. Having too much heat or light may cause changes to their normal behavioural and physical cycles.[8] Constant light may cause stress for birds and hostility towards each other. Too much heat results in similar aggressive behaviours. Temperatures should be kept relative to the type of bird being raised. By maintaining a constant environment birds are less likely to engage in abnormal behaviour.
Stress is typically the main contributing factor to abnormal behaviour such as toe pecking and therefore should be controlled as much as possible.
Treatmentedit
In the case of an outbreak the following should be implemented to decrease toe pecking.
Correcting any abnormal behaviours (overly aggressive, antisocial), this may be done by observing the chickens naturalistic behaviours and grouping them based on their dominant or submissive personality types.
Decreasing light in the birds housing (i.e. red bulbs).[6] This may be done by using red window panes or infrared lights in the chicken pens.
Removal of badly injured birds from the general population, having them in their own pen to heal and reduce stress levels.
"anti-peck" ointment application on damaged birds, this may be applied onto the effected area and should be consulted with a vet.
Lower temperature, ensuring the correct temperature for the type and age of chickens should be examined.
Identification of this issue is the first step and having preventative measures in place are important to control and manage this cannibalistic behaviour should it arise.
^Leonard, Marty L.; Horn, Andrew G.; Fairfull, R.Wayne (April 1995). "Correlates and consequences of allopecking in White Leghorn chickens". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 43 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)00551-O.
^Buitenhuis, AJ; Rodenburg, TB; Siwek, M; Cornelissen, SJ; Nieuwland, MG; Crooijmans, RP; Groenen, MA; Koene, P; Bovenhuis, H; van der Poel, JJ (November 2003). "Identification of quantitative trait loci for receiving pecks in young and adult laying hens". Poultry Science. 82 (11): 1661–7. doi:10.1093/ps/82.11.1661. PMID 14653459.
^Bubier N.E., Deeming, C. and Ayres L.L. (1996). Behaviour of ostrich chicks in captivity: An analysis of time budgets. British Poultry Science, 37 (supplement): S13-S14
^ abKrause, E. Tobias; Petow, Stefanie; Kjaer, J (2011-04-01). "A note on the physiological and behavioural consequences of cannibalistic toe pecking in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)". Archiv für Geflügelkunde. 75: 140–143.
^Craig, J.V.; Lee, H.-Y. (January 1990). "Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn-type pullets". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 25 (1–2): 107–123. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(90)90074-N.
^ abBroom, DM; Fraser, AF (2015). Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare (4 ed.). CABI. ISBN9781780640532.
^Schmidt, Veronika; Schaefer, H. Martin (2004). "Unlearned preference for red may facilitate recognition of palatable food in young omnivorous birds". Evolutionary Ecology Research. 6 (6). ISSN 1522-0613.
^ abcd"Poultry Cannibalism: Prevention and Treatment". extension.psu.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
January 01, 1970
pecking, abnormal, behaviour, birds, captivity, occurs, when, bird, pecks, toes, another, using, beak, this, behaviour, been, reported, hens, ostriches, studies, have, shown, that, hens, exposed, pecking, have, significantly, enlarged, adrenal, glands, indicat. Toe pecking an abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity occurs when one bird pecks the toes of another using its beak This behaviour has been reported in hens 1 2 and ostriches 3 Studies have shown that hens exposed to toe pecking have significantly enlarged adrenal glands indicating increased physiological stress Hens exposed to toe pecking will step off a raised platform more quickly than control hens possibly suggesting a heightened fear of elevation 4 They have also been reported to show depressive behaviour retreating to corner of the pen not eating and losing weight when afflicted by toe pecking 4 The act of toe pecking leads to open wounds which are viable for infection and disease to develop In severe forms toe pecking can be classified as a cannibalistic behaviour and has been reported as a cause of mortality 5 Contents 1 Contributing factors 2 Prevention 3 Treatment 4 See also 5 ReferencesContributing factors editChickens kept in captivity are more likely to engage in abnormal behaviours such as toe pecking nbsp Chickens kept in captivity are more likely to engage in abnormal behaviours such as toe pecking The abnormal behaviour of toe pecking is suggested to be influenced by multiple causes Some mainstream theories include Overcrowding when birds have been pecked at they are typically in captivity and given very little space to move around This implies they are unable to escape this lack of escape changes the birds behaviour in which they are less likely to fight back and rather accept the pecking to the point of injury 6 Natural establishment of pecking order this becomes unhealthy when blood is drawn from the animal due to the pecking behaviour Once blood appears the red coloration of it is enticing to chickens as they are naturally drawn to the color red 7 This may cause them to continue pecking at the same spot causing further damage Nutrient deficiencies specifically salt and methionine High energy and low fiber increase energy and aggressive behaviours and therefore are more likely to influence toe pecking behaviour 8 High heat and light hostility and cannibalistic behaviours are very likely to occur in excessive heat or constantly lit spaces 8 Lack of feeder water space with limited resources aggression is likely to increase Prevention editAddressing these issues and providing viable solutions is an important part of the animals welfare Possible solutions could include ensuring there is enough space for the bird It is recommended hens should have approximately 4 square feet chicken tractor and 6 10 if in a coop 8 However each bird species may differ on the recommended space Natural pecking order establishment occurs as a normal behaviour for birds However when it becomes abnormal visible blood it is important to separate any bird that may be to the point of bleeding from the other birds until they are healed to prevent further injury This is likely to occur when new birds are introduced to the flock and therefore an introductory stage should be implemented High energy and low fiber diets cause chickens to have increased activity levels and aggression this may lead to toe pecking and other pecking behaviours A balanced diet for the type and age of bird you are rising is an important factor in their behaviour This includes the availability of the food to the birds Lastly a regulated environment for birds is important to their welfare as a naturalistic setting is best for their health Having too much heat or light may cause changes to their normal behavioural and physical cycles 8 Constant light may cause stress for birds and hostility towards each other Too much heat results in similar aggressive behaviours Temperatures should be kept relative to the type of bird being raised By maintaining a constant environment birds are less likely to engage in abnormal behaviour Stress is typically the main contributing factor to abnormal behaviour such as toe pecking and therefore should be controlled as much as possible Treatment editIn the case of an outbreak the following should be implemented to decrease toe pecking Correcting any abnormal behaviours overly aggressive antisocial this may be done by observing the chickens naturalistic behaviours and grouping them based on their dominant or submissive personality types Decreasing light in the birds housing i e red bulbs 6 This may be done by using red window panes or infrared lights in the chicken pens Removal of badly injured birds from the general population having them in their own pen to heal and reduce stress levels anti peck ointment application on damaged birds this may be applied onto the effected area and should be consulted with a vet Lower temperature ensuring the correct temperature for the type and age of chickens should be examined Identification of this issue is the first step and having preventative measures in place are important to control and manage this cannibalistic behaviour should it arise See also editAbnormal behaviour of birds in captivity Feather pecking Vent pecking Cannibalism poultry Chicken Poultry farming Battery cagesReferences edit Leonard Marty L Horn Andrew G Fairfull R Wayne April 1995 Correlates and consequences of allopecking in White Leghorn chickens Applied Animal Behaviour Science 43 1 17 26 doi 10 1016 0168 1591 94 00551 O Buitenhuis AJ Rodenburg TB Siwek M Cornelissen SJ Nieuwland MG Crooijmans RP Groenen MA Koene P Bovenhuis H van der Poel JJ November 2003 Identification of quantitative trait loci for receiving pecks in young and adult laying hens Poultry Science 82 11 1661 7 doi 10 1093 ps 82 11 1661 PMID 14653459 Bubier N E Deeming C and Ayres L L 1996 Behaviour of ostrich chicks in captivity An analysis of time budgets British Poultry Science 37 supplement S13 S14 a b Krause E Tobias Petow Stefanie Kjaer J 2011 04 01 A note on the physiological and behavioural consequences of cannibalistic toe pecking in laying hens Gallus gallus domesticus Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 75 140 143 Craig J V Lee H Y January 1990 Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn type pullets Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25 1 2 107 123 doi 10 1016 0168 1591 90 90074 N a b Broom DM Fraser AF 2015 Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare 4 ed CABI ISBN 9781780640532 Schmidt Veronika Schaefer H Martin 2004 Unlearned preference for red may facilitate recognition of palatable food in young omnivorous birds Evolutionary Ecology Research 6 6 ISSN 1522 0613 a b c d Poultry Cannibalism Prevention and Treatment extension psu edu Retrieved 2018 11 18 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Toe pecking amp oldid 1207438121, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
