Tobacco industry
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (September 2010) |
The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies who are engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products.[1] It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except Antarctica.
According to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the "tobacco industry" encompasses tobacco manufacturers, wholesale distributors and importers of tobacco products. This evidence-based treaty expects its 181 ratified member states to implement public health policies with respect to tobacco control "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke."[2]
Tobacco, one of the most widely used addictive substances in the world,[3] is a plant native to the Americas and historically one of the most important crops grown by American farmers.[4] More specifically, tobacco refers to any of various plants of the genus Nicotiana (especially N. tabacum) native to tropical America and widely cultivated for their leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in pipes, cigarettes, and cigars; it is also cut to form chewing tobacco or ground to make snuff or dipping tobacco, as well as other less common preparations. From 1617 to 1793, tobacco was the most valuable cash crop export from British North America and the United States.[5] Until the 1960s, the United States grew, manufactured and exported more tobacco than any other country.[6]
Tobacco is an agricultural commodity product, similar in economic terms to agricultural foodstuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions. The price also varies by specific species or cultivar grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.
Since 1964, conclusive medical evidence of the deadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for producers and manufacturers of tobacco, although it contributes to the agricultural, fiscal, manufacturing, and exporting sectors of the economy. Policy and law restricting tobacco smoking has increased globally, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing an increase of over 12% since the year 2000.[7] Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.[8]
History edit
For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, see tobacco, smoking and articles on similar topics.
Position of industry edit
The phrase "tobacco industry" generally refers to the companies involved in the manufacture of cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing tobacco and pipe tobacco. China National Tobacco Co. has become the largest tobacco company in the world by volume. Following extensive merger and acquisition activity in the 1990s and 2000s as well as the spinoff of Altria's international tobacco holdings as Philip Morris International in 2008, five firms dominate international markets – in alphabetical order:
Altria still owns the Philip Morris tobacco business in the United States, but Philip Morris International has been fully independent since 2008. In most countries these companies either have long-established dominance, or have purchased the major domestic producer or producers (often a former state monopoly). Until 2014 the United States had one other substantial independent firm, Lorillard, which Reynolds American, Inc. acquired. India has its own major player, ITC Limited (25.4%-owned by British American Tobacco). A small[quantify] number of state monopolies survive, as well as some small independent firms.
Tobacco advertising is becoming increasingly restricted by the governments of countries around the world citing health issues as a reason to restrict tobaccos appeal[citation needed]
Industry outlook in the United States edit
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The tobacco industry in the United States has suffered greatly since the mid-1990s, when it was successfully sued by several U.S. states. The suits claimed that tobacco causes cancer, that companies in the industry knew this, and that they deliberately understated the significance of their findings, contributing to the illness and death of many citizens in those states.
The industry was found to have decades of internal memos confirming in detail that tobacco (which contains nicotine) is both addictive and carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The industry had long denied that nicotine is addictive.[9]
The suit resulted in a large cash settlement being paid by a group of tobacco companies to the states that sued. Further, since the suit was settled, other individuals have come forth, in class action lawsuits, claiming individual damages. [citation needed]
The tobacco industry has historically been largely successful in this litigation process, with the majority of cases being won by the industry. During the first 42 years of tobacco litigation (between 1954 and 1996) the industry maintained a clean record in litigation[10] thanks to tactics described in a R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company internal memo as "the way we won these cases, to paraphrase Gen. Patton, is not by spending all of Reynolds' money, but by making the other son of a bitch spend all of his."[11] Between 1995 and 2005 only 59% of cases were won by the tobacco industry either outright or on appeal in the US,[12] but the continued success of the industry's efforts to win these cases is questionable. In Florida, the industry has lost 77 of the 116 "Engle progeny" cases that have gone to trial.[13] The U.S. Supreme Court has also denied the industry's major grounds for appeal of Engle cases.[14]
In June 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act which has been called a "sweeping anti-smoking" bill.[15] Among other restrictions, this Act banned the use of any constituent, additive, herb or spice that adds a "characterizing flavor" to the tobacco product or smoke (Section 907)(a)(1)(A).[16] The aim of this ban is to prevent children and teenagers from becoming addicted to cigarettes at a young age with the US Department of Health and Human Services citing that "studies have shown that 17 year old smokers are three times as likely to use flavored cigarettes as are smokers over the age of 25".[17] This ban however does not apply to menthol cigarettes, which are exempt from the bill.
Lawsuits against the tobacco industry are primarily restricted to the United States due to differences in legal systems in other countries. Many businesses class ongoing lawsuits as a cost of doing business in the US and feel their revenue will be only marginally affected by the activities.
Large tobacco companies have entered the electronic cigarette market by either buying some of the small e-cigarette companies or by starting their own e-cigarette companies.[18] By 2014 all the major multinational tobacco companies had entered the e-cigarette market.[19] They did so either by buying existing e-cigarette companies (including Ruyan, the original Chinese e-cigarette company, which was bought by Imperial Tobacco) or by developing their own products.[19] A 2017 review states, "The tobacco industry dominates the e-cigarette market."[20] All of the large tobacco companies are selling e-cigarettes.[21] A 2017 review states, "Small companies initially dominated the electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) market, and these firms had no links to the tobacco industry. Today, however, all transnational tobacco companies sell these products. Increased concentration of the ENDS market in the hands of the transnational tobacco companies is concerning to the public health community, given the industry's legacy of obfuscating many fundamental truths about their products and misleading the public with false claims, including that low-tar and so-called "light" cigarettes would reduce the harms associated with smoking. Although industry representatives are claiming interest in ENDS because of their harm-reduction potential, many observers believe that profit remains the dominant motivation."[22]
Major tobacco companies are dominating the political and policy-making environments just as they have in conventional cigarette policy making.[19] As they have done to influence tobacco control policies for conventional cigarettes, the large companies often try to stay out of sight and work through third parties that can obscure their links to the tobacco industry.[19] The one difference from the historical pattern of industry efforts to shape tobacco policy from behind the scenes is that there are also genuine independent sellers of e-cigarettes and associated users (so-called vape shops) who are not necessarily being directed by the cigarette companies.[19] These smaller operators are, however, losing market share to the big tobacco companies, and the real political power is now being exercised by the cigarette companies.[19] The cigarette companies try to take advantage of the existence of independent players while acting through the industry's traditional allies and front groups.[19]
Tobacco control edit
On May 11, 2004, the U.S. became the 108th country to sign the World Health Organization's Global Treaty on Tobacco Control. This treaty places broad restrictions on the sale, advertising, shipment, and taxation of tobacco products. The U.S. has not yet ratified this treaty in its Senate and does not yet have a schedule for doing so.
Most recently, there has been discussion within the tobacco control community of transforming the tobacco industry through the replacement of tobacco corporations by other types of business organizations that can be established to provide tobacco to the market while not attempting to increase market demand.[23]
On February 20, 2007, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Altria Group (formerly Philip Morris) did not have to pay $79.5 million in punitive damages awarded to Mayola Williams in a 1999 Oregon court ruling, when she sued Phillip Morris for responsibility in the cancer death of her husband, Jesse Williams.[24] The Supreme Court's decision overturns a ruling made by the Oregon Supreme Court that upheld the award.[25]
On April 3, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit threw out an $800 billion class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of a group or class of people who smoked light cigarettes. The plaintiffs' lawyers were confident that they would be able to win this suit due to the success of Schwab v. Philip Morris[26] wherein tobacco companies were found guilty of fraud-like charges because they were selling the idea that light cigarettes were safer than regular cigarettes. The ruling by the three-judge panel will not allow the suit to be pursued as a class, but instead need proof for why individual smokers chose light cigarettes over regular cigarettes.[27]
Production by country or region edit
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates the following production of unprocessed tobacco by country/region in 2000. (Figures are in thousands of tonnes.)[citation needed]
Cigarette production by factory edit
Much of global tobacco production is used in the manufacturing of cigarettes. The following is a chart compiled by Dr. Robert Proctor detailing the largest cigarette factories, accompanied by their estimated annual death toll due to the harms of cigarettes to health.[28]
In popular culture edit
The tobacco industry has had a long relationship with the entertainment industry. In silent era movies, back-lit smoke was often used by filmmakers to create sense of mystery and sensuality in a scene. Later, cigarettes were deliberately placed in the hands of Hollywood stars as an early phase of product placement,[29] until health regulating bodies tightened rules on tobacco advertisement and anti-smoking groups pressured actors and studio executives against such tactics. Big Tobacco has since been the subject focus of films such as the docudrama The Insider (1999) and Thank You For Smoking (2005).
These issues have also constituted a recurring storyline in the AMC series Mad Men, from season 1 beginning with the pilot episode ("Smoke Gets In Your Eyes") through season 7's midseason finale, "Waterloo".
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Brandt, Allan M. (January 2012). "Inventing Conflicts of Interest: A History of Tobacco Industry Tactics". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (1): 63–71. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3490543. PMID 22095331.
- ^ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. World Health Organization. 2003. ISBN 9241591013. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "The 5 Most Addictive Substances On Earth". Addiction Center. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "Tobacco & Colonial American Economy". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ Chelala, Cesar (9 April 2013). "Comparing tobacco fight to the Opium Wars". The Japan Times. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Tobacco Production, Consumption, and Export Trends". everycrsreport.com. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ . World Lung Foundation and American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ . World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ Glantz, SA (August 2000). "The truth about big tobacco in its own words". British Medical Journal. 321 (7257): 313–314. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.313. PMC 1118313. PMID 10926570.
- ^ Daynard, RA; Bates, C; Francey, N (2000). "Tobacco litigation worldwide". BMJ. 320 (7227): 111–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7227.111. PMC 1117367. PMID 10625272.
- ^ Haines v Liggett Group, Inc, 818 F Supp 414, 421 (DNJ 1993), quoted in Daynard et al. 2000
- ^ Douglas, C. E.; Davis, R. M.; Beasley, J. K. (2006). "Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994–2005". Tobacco Control. 15 (Suppl 4): iv9–iv16. doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016725. PMC 2563581. PMID 17130629.
- ^ Craver, Richard (24 June 2014). "Reynolds loses another 'Engle' case in Florida". Winston-Salem Journal.
- ^ Nohlgren, Stephen (24 June 2014). "U.S. Supreme Court sides against Big Tobacco in Florida litigation". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Obama signs sweeping anti-smoking bill – politics – White House – NBC News". NBC News. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "FDsys – Browse Congressional Bills" (PDF). frwebgate.access.gpo.gov.
- ^ "General Questions and Answers on the Ban of Cigarettes that Contain Certain Characterizing Flavors" (PDF). US Department of Health and Human Services. US Food and Drug Administration. 22 September 2009.
- ^ Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic Cigarettes—A Narrative Review for Clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. 128 (7): 674–681. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- ^ a b c d e f g Glantz, Stanton A.; Bareham, David W. (January 2018). "E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications" (PDF). Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 215–235. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6251310. PMID 29323609. This article incorporates text by Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ Zborovskaya, Y (2017). "E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: A Primer for Oncology Clinicians". Clin J Oncol Nurs. 21 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1188/17.CJON.54-63. PMID 28107337. S2CID 206992720.
- ^ Shields, Peter G.; Berman, Micah; Brasky, Theodore M.; Freudenheim, Jo L.; Mathe, Ewy A; McElroy, Joseph; Song, Min-Ae; Wewers, Mark D. (2017). "A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes In The Context of Smoking: A Focus On Inflammation". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 26 (8): 1175–1191. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0358. ISSN 1055-9965. PMC 5614602. PMID 28642230.
- ^ Drope, Jeffrey; Cahn, Zachary; Kennedy, Rosemary; Liber, Alex C.; Stoklosa, Michal; Henson, Rosemarie; Douglas, Clifford E.; Drope, Jacqui (2017). "Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67 (6): 449–471. doi:10.3322/caac.21413. ISSN 0007-9235. PMID 28961314.
- ^ C. Callard, D. Thompson and N. Collishaw, Curing The Addiction To Profits: A Supply-Side Approach To Phasing Out Tobacco (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2005)
- ^ "Supreme Court throws out Philip Morris verdict – Business – US business – NBC News". NBC News. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
- ^ Johnston, David Kay and Melanie Warner (26 September 2006). "US: Tobacco Makers Lose Key Ruling on Latest Suites". New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- ^ Saul, Stephanie (3 April 2008). "Suit on Light Cigarettes Is Thrown Out". New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- ^ Proctor, Robert N (16 February 2012). "The history of the discovery of the cigarette–lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll: Table 1". Tobacco Control. 21 (2): 87–91. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 22345227.
- ^ C Mekemson1, S A Glantz2 (2002). "How the tobacco industry built its relationship with Hollywood – Mekemson and Glantz 11 (suppl 1): i81 – Tobacco Control". Tobacco Control. 11 (Suppl 1). Tobaccocontrol.bmj.com: I81-91. doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i81. PMC 1766059. PMID 11893818. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
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Further reading edit
- Apollonio, Dorie; Malone, Ruth E. (2005). "Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill". Tobacco Control. 14 (6): 409–415. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011890. PMC 1748120. PMID 16319365.
- Brandt, Allan. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America (2007). online
- Enstad, Nan. Cigarettes, Inc.: An Intimate History of Corporate Imperialism (U of Chicago, 2018) excerpt
- Glantz, S. A.; Slade, J.; Bero, L. A.; Hanauer, P.; Barnes, D. E. (1996). The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520205727.
- Goodman, Jordan, ed. Tobacco in History and Culture. An Encyclopedia (2 vol, Gage Cengage, 2005) online
- Hahn, Barbara. Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617–1937 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). examines how marketing, technology, and demand caused the dominance of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco.
- Hannah, Leslie. "The Whig Fable of American Tobacco, 1895–1913," Journal of Economic History 66#1 (2006), pp. 42–73 online, argues most historians misinterpret the company.
- Hirschfelder, Arlene B. Encyclopedia of smoking and tobacco (1999) online
- MacKay, Judith (2002). The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156209-9.
- Males, Mike A. (1999). Smoked: Why Joe Camel Is Still Smiling. Common Courage Press. ISBN 1-56751-172-4.
- Milov, Sarah (2019). The Cigarette: A Political History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674241213.
- Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011).
- Parker-Pope, Tara. Cigarettes: Anatomy of an Industry from Seed to Smoke (2002) online
- Proctor, Robert N. (2012). Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520270169.
- Tennant, Richard B. American Cigarette Industry: A Study in Economic Analysis and Public Policy (Yale UP, 1950) online
- Tennant, Richard B. "The Cigarette Industry" in The Structure of American Industry, edited by Walter Adams (1961) pp 357–392. online
- Tilley, Nannie M. The R.J. Reynolds tobacco company (UNC Press Books, 1985) online
- Wagner, Susan. Cigarette Country: Tobacco in American History and Politics (Praeger, 1971). online
External links edit
- UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection
- UCSF Tobacco Industry Audio Recordings Collection
- University of South Florida Libraries: The Tobacco Leaf Journal which was published by C. Pfirshing of New York beginning in 1865. He called the journal the "organ of the tobacco trade in the United States."