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Timeline of Chacoan history

April 15, 2024

A timeline of Chacoan history includes Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Aztec Ruins National Monument, Twin Angels Pueblo, Casamero Pueblo, Kin Nizhoni, Pierre's Site, and Halfway House.

Paleo-Indian Period edit

11000 BC
First foragers?

Archaic Period edit

6000 BC-800 BC
Hunter-gatherers

4th century CE edit

5th century edit

490
Basketmaker farming begins

6th century edit

500
Turquoise beads and pendants appear; offerings in great kivas (sites 29SJ423, Shabik' eshchee Village)

7th century edit

600-800
La Plata Black-on-White ceramic
700
Population of Chaco Canyon between 100 and 201 people [1]

8th century edit

9th century edit

800-900
Builders use piñon, juniper, and cottonwood trees that grew close by [1]
850-925
Large construction projects.
875-1040
Red Mesa Black-on-White ceramics

10th century edit

900-1150
Large buildings, mounds, roadways, great kivas, and tri-walled structures are built throughout the San Juan Basin.[2]
900-1125
Construction of Penasco Blanco
900
Emergence of the Chaco Anasazi[3]
900
Chetro Ketl pueblo begun
900-1025
Chaco Wash in erosional cycle and cut a paleo-channel.[4]
925-1130
Stable environmental conditions favorable to dry farming throughout the Colorado Plateau. Human populations also stable.[5]
950
Keet Seel, second largest cliff dwelling. is inhabited
950
Nonlocal ponderosa is the dominant beam timber; spruce and fir increase

11th century edit

960-1020
Unpredictable rainfall. Little building at Pueblo Bonito [1]
1000
"Chaco phenomenon" acceleration of cultural development
1000-1075
Great House construction, and roads expanded. The first usage of chocolate further than central Mexico was first used in ceramic cylinders for rituals.[6]
1000-1140
Escavada Black-on-White ceramics
1025-1090
Depositional period during which time the paleo-channel was filling. There is some historical, anecdotal evidence that the inhabitants of Chaco Canyon may have constructed a dam at the west end of the canyon.[4]
1030
Chacoans seek trees at higher altitudes [1]
1040
Increased rainfall [1]
1040-1050
Building resumes at Old Bonito. Pueblo Bonito construction stage II [1]
1050-1070
Pueblo Bonito becomes more complex. Pueblo Bonito construction stage III [1]
1050
Imports of copper bells, Macaws, and shells (origin unknown)
1054
~July 4 - Cliff painting near Penasco Blanco consisting of three symbols: a large star, a crescent moon, and a handprint, may portray the sighting of SN 1054, the Crab Nebula supernova.[7]
1064, 1066
Sunset Crater volcanic eruptions; volcanic debris blankets Jemez Mountains and Bandelier area.
1080-1100
Great North Road construction.[8]
1080
Salmon Ruin established.[8]
1080
Construction of Pueblo Alto begins.
1090
Drought

12th century edit

1075-1123
Pueblo Bonito constructed at Chaco.
?
Five astronomical observatories are built
1100
Peak of Chaco culture.
1100-1104
Tree felling at Pueblo del Arroyo
1106-1125
Aztec Ruins built.
1130
Pueblo Bonito is four stories tall and contains 800 rooms [9]
1130-1180
Fifty-year drought in the Southwest. Rain and snow cease to fall. Alluvial groundwater declines, floodplain erosion occurs. Dry-farming zone reduced, crop production potential decreased. Severe arroyo cutting and depression of alluvial groundwater. Severe environmental stress.[5]
1140–1150
Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon.
1150
Great Houses empty
1180
Sunset Crater erupts for the second time.

13th century edit

14th century edit

15th century edit

16th century edit

1539
Marcos de Niza erroneously describes the pueblo of Háwikuh as the Seven Cities of Gold.

17th century edit

1680-1692
The Pueblo Revolt of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonists in the New Spain province.
1774
Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco identifies the Chaco Canyon area as "Chaca" on a map. The term, a Spanish translation of a Navajo word, is thought to be the origin for "Chacra Mesa" and "Chaco".

18th century edit

19th century edit

1844
Josiah Gregg refers to the Chaco pueblos in his book Commerce of the Prairies, making its first appearance in popular culture.
1849
Lt. James H. Simpson leads the Washington Expedition, a military reconnaissance team which surveys Navajo lands and records cultural sites in Chaco Canyon. Illustrations created by the Kern brothers are included in a government report.
1877
Artist and photographer William Henry Jackson participates in the Hayden Survey of the Western United States, producing maps of Chaco Canyon, but no photographs due to technical problems.
1888
Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason find the Cliff Palace, Spruce Tree House and Square Tower House.
Chaco Canyon is surveyed and photographed by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff of the Bureau of American Ethnology
1896
Richard Wetherill begins excavating Chaco Canyon
1896-1899
George H. Pepper from the American Museum of Natural History leads the Hyde Exploring Expedition in excavating Pueblo Bonito

20th century edit

1901
General Land Office special agent S. J. Holsinger recommends creating a national park to preserve archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon
1907
Chaco Canyon National Monument is established.
1928-1929
American astronomer and University of Arizona professor A. E. Douglass participates in a National Geographic Society research project exploring Chaco Canyon. Using his newly invented technique of dendrochronology, Douglass dates Chetro Ketl and dozens of Chacoan sites
Expedition under Neil Merton Judd to collect dendrochronological specimens to date habitation of Chaco Canyon
1937
A Civilian Conservation Corps of Navajo stonemasons repairs Chacoan buildings in Chaco Canyon. A previous group built soil conservation devices, planted trees, and improved roads and trails.
1941
Heavy rains cause Threatening Rock to fall, destroying ~60 rooms at Pueblo Bonito.
1960
Floors excavated at Una Vida
1971-1982
The Chaco Project, conducted by the National Park Service and the University of New Mexico, surveys and excavates Chaco Canyon
1976-1978
Fourteen rooms at Pueblo Alto excavated by the Chaco Project
1980
Chaco Canyon National Monument is renamed Chaco Culture National Historical Park with 13,000 acres (53 km2) added. The Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Site program is created to protect Chacoan sites.
1982
NASA's Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) detects over 200 miles of a prehistoric (AD 900 or 1000) road system in Chaco Canyon, as well as walls, buildings, and agricultural fields.
1983
Dean and Warren estimate 200,000 trees were used to build great houses.
1987
Chaco Culture National Historical Park is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

21st century edit

2001
Two-thirds of large roof timbers traced to Chuska Mountains and one-third to San Mateo Mountains.[10]


References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Fagan, Brian M. (2005). Chaco Canyon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517043-1
  2. ^ Kohler, Timothy A. Sebastian, Lynne. (July 1996). "Population aggregation in the prehistoric North American Southwest." American Antiquity v61.n3 : pp597(6).
  3. ^ The Chaco World Great House Database 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Durand, Stephen R. (Jan 2004). "Relation of "Bonito" Paleo-channels and Base-level Variations to Anasazi Occupation, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico." American Antiquity 69.1: 191(1).
  5. ^ a b Jorgensen, Joseph G. (Winter 2005). "Archaeological sociology in America's Southwest". Journal of the Southwest 47.4: 637(28).
  6. ^ "Chocolate Drink Used In Rituals In New Mexico 1,000 Years Ago". ScienceDaily. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  7. ^ Greening, Dan. "1054 Supernova Petrograph". Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  8. ^ a b Lekson 1999
  9. ^ Neitzel, 2003
  10. ^ Diamond, 2001

April 15, 2024
timeline, chacoan, history, timeline, chacoan, history, includes, chaco, culture, national, historical, park, aztec, ruins, national, monument, twin, angels, pueblo, casamero, pueblo, nizhoni, pierre, site, halfway, house, contents, paleo, indian, period, arch. A timeline of Chacoan history includes Chaco Culture National Historical Park Aztec Ruins National Monument Twin Angels Pueblo Casamero Pueblo Kin Nizhoni Pierre s Site and Halfway House Contents 1 Paleo Indian Period 2 Archaic Period 3 4th century CE 4 5th century 5 6th century 6 7th century 7 8th century 8 9th century 9 10th century 10 11th century 11 12th century 12 13th century 13 14th century 14 15th century 15 16th century 16 17th century 17 18th century 18 19th century 19 20th century 20 21st century 21 ReferencesPaleo Indian Period edit11000 BC First foragers Archaic Period edit6000 BC 800 BC Hunter gatherers4th century CE editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it July 2010 5th century edit490 Basketmaker farming begins6th century edit500 Turquoise beads and pendants appear offerings in great kivas sites 29SJ423 Shabik eshchee Village 7th century edit600 800 La Plata Black on White ceramic 700 Population of Chaco Canyon between 100 and 201 people 1 8th century editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it July 2010 9th century edit800 900 Builders use pinon juniper and cottonwood trees that grew close by 1 850 925 Large construction projects 875 1040 Red Mesa Black on White ceramics10th century edit900 1150 Large buildings mounds roadways great kivas and tri walled structures are built throughout the San Juan Basin 2 900 1125 Construction of Penasco Blanco900 Emergence of the Chaco Anasazi 3 900 Chetro Ketl pueblo begun900 1025 Chaco Wash in erosional cycle and cut a paleo channel 4 925 1130 Stable environmental conditions favorable to dry farming throughout the Colorado Plateau Human populations also stable 5 950 Keet Seel second largest cliff dwelling is inhabited 950 Nonlocal ponderosa is the dominant beam timber spruce and fir increase11th century edit960 1020 Unpredictable rainfall Little building at Pueblo Bonito 1 1000 Chaco phenomenon acceleration of cultural development1000 1075 Great House construction and roads expanded The first usage of chocolate further than central Mexico was first used in ceramic cylinders for rituals 6 1000 1140 Escavada Black on White ceramics1025 1090 Depositional period during which time the paleo channel was filling There is some historical anecdotal evidence that the inhabitants of Chaco Canyon may have constructed a dam at the west end of the canyon 4 1030 Chacoans seek trees at higher altitudes 1 1040 Increased rainfall 1 1040 1050 Building resumes at Old Bonito Pueblo Bonito construction stage II 1 1050 1070 Pueblo Bonito becomes more complex Pueblo Bonito construction stage III 1 1050 Imports of copper bells Macaws and shells origin unknown 1054 July 4 Cliff painting near Penasco Blanco consisting of three symbols a large star a crescent moon and a handprint may portray the sighting of SN 1054 the Crab Nebula supernova 7 1064 1066 Sunset Crater volcanic eruptions volcanic debris blankets Jemez Mountains and Bandelier area 1080 1100 Great North Road construction 8 1080 Salmon Ruin established 8 1080 Construction of Pueblo Alto begins 1090 Drought12th century edit1075 1123 Pueblo Bonito constructed at Chaco Five astronomical observatories are built1100 Peak of Chaco culture 1100 1104 Tree felling at Pueblo del Arroyo1106 1125 Aztec Ruins built 1130 Pueblo Bonito is four stories tall and contains 800 rooms 9 1130 1180 Fifty year drought in the Southwest Rain and snow cease to fall Alluvial groundwater declines floodplain erosion occurs Dry farming zone reduced crop production potential decreased Severe arroyo cutting and depression of alluvial groundwater Severe environmental stress 5 1140 1150 Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon 1150 Great Houses empty1180 Sunset Crater erupts for the second time 13th century editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it July 2010 14th century editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it July 2010 15th century editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it July 2010 16th century edit1539 Marcos de Niza erroneously describes the pueblo of Hawikuh as the Seven Cities of Gold 17th century edit1680 1692 The Pueblo Revolt of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonists in the New Spain province 1774 Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco identifies the Chaco Canyon area as Chaca on a map The term a Spanish translation of a Navajo word is thought to be the origin for Chacra Mesa and Chaco 18th century editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it July 2010 19th century edit1844 Josiah Gregg refers to the Chaco pueblos in his book Commerce of the Prairies making its first appearance in popular culture 1849 Lt James H Simpson leads the Washington Expedition a military reconnaissance team which surveys Navajo lands and records cultural sites in Chaco Canyon Illustrations created by the Kern brothers are included in a government report 1877 Artist and photographer William Henry Jackson participates in the Hayden Survey of the Western United States producing maps of Chaco Canyon but no photographs due to technical problems 1888 Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason find the Cliff Palace Spruce Tree House and Square Tower House Chaco Canyon is surveyed and photographed by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff of the Bureau of American Ethnology1896 Richard Wetherill begins excavating Chaco Canyon1896 1899 George H Pepper from the American Museum of Natural History leads the Hyde Exploring Expedition in excavating Pueblo Bonito20th century edit1901 General Land Office special agent S J Holsinger recommends creating a national park to preserve archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon1907 Chaco Canyon National Monument is established 1928 1929 American astronomer and University of Arizona professor A E Douglass participates in a National Geographic Society research project exploring Chaco Canyon Using his newly invented technique of dendrochronology Douglass dates Chetro Ketl and dozens of Chacoan sitesExpedition under Neil Merton Judd to collect dendrochronological specimens to date habitation of Chaco Canyon1937 A Civilian Conservation Corps of Navajo stonemasons repairs Chacoan buildings in Chaco Canyon A previous group built soil conservation devices planted trees and improved roads and trails 1941 Heavy rains cause Threatening Rock to fall destroying 60 rooms at Pueblo Bonito 1960 Floors excavated at Una Vida1971 1982 The Chaco Project conducted by the National Park Service and the University of New Mexico surveys and excavates Chaco Canyon1976 1978 Fourteen rooms at Pueblo Alto excavated by the Chaco Project1980 Chaco Canyon National Monument is renamed Chaco Culture National Historical Park with 13 000 acres 53 km2 added The Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Site program is created to protect Chacoan sites 1982 NASA s Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner TIMS detects over 200 miles of a prehistoric AD 900 or 1000 road system in Chaco Canyon as well as walls buildings and agricultural fields 1983 Dean and Warren estimate 200 000 trees were used to build great houses 1987 Chaco Culture National Historical Park is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site 21st century edit2001 Two thirds of large roof timbers traced to Chuska Mountains and one third to San Mateo Mountains 10 References edit a b c d e f g Fagan Brian M 2005 Chaco Canyon Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 517043 1 Kohler Timothy A Sebastian Lynne July 1996 Population aggregation in the prehistoric North American Southwest American Antiquity v61 n3 pp597 6 The Chaco World Great House Database Archived 2006 12 30 at the Wayback Machine a b Durand Stephen R Jan 2004 Relation of Bonito Paleo channels and Base level Variations to Anasazi Occupation Chaco Canyon New Mexico American Antiquity 69 1 191 1 a b Jorgensen Joseph G Winter 2005 Archaeological sociology in America s Southwest Journal of the Southwest 47 4 637 28 Chocolate Drink Used In Rituals In New Mexico 1 000 Years Ago ScienceDaily 5 February 2009 Retrieved 6 February 2009 Greening Dan 1054 Supernova Petrograph Retrieved 2009 02 06 a b Lekson 1999 Neitzel 2003 Diamond 2001 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timeline of Chacoan history amp oldid 1168270204, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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