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Wikipedia

Thomas L. Kane

March 04, 2023

Thomas Leiper Kane (January 27, 1822 – December 26, 1883) was an American attorney, abolitionist, philanthropist, and military officer who was influential in the western migration of the Latter-day Saint movement and served as a Union Army colonel and general of volunteers in the American Civil War. He received a brevet promotion to major general for gallantry at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Thomas Leiper Kane
Thomas L. Kane
Born(1822-01-27)January 27, 1822
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DiedDecember 26, 1883(1883-12-26) (aged 61)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Burial site - Kane Memorial Chapel
Kane, Pennsylvania
AllegianceUnited States of America
Union
Service/branchUnited States Army
Union Army
Years of service1861–1863
Rank Brigadier General
Brevet Major General
Commands held1st Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War
AwardsStatue in the Utah State Capitol
Relations

After meeting members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at an 1846 Philadelphia conference, Kane offered to help in their conflicts with the US government as they tried to migrate West. He negotiated to allow them to occupy land along the Missouri River, and later worked to help Utah achieve statehood. He passed on an offer to govern the territory, giving the position to Brigham Young. During 1857 and 1858, Kane attempted to mediate a dispute between the Latter-day Saints and the US government, persuading Young to concede his governorship to President Buchanan's appointee, preventing further escalation of the Utah War.

During the Civil War, Kane organized a Pennsylvania regiment (the "Bucktails"), and served as lieutenant colonel. After his promotion of brigadier general of volunteers, he journeyed by railroad and buggy to convey intelligence about Robert E. Lee's Gettysburg Campaign. Kane and his brigade were victorious at Gettysburg, but Kane had fallen ill and was forced to resign his commission. After the war, Kane and his family settled and helped establish Kane, Pennsylvania. He died of pneumonia in 1883. Both Kane County, Utah, and Kanesville Tabernacle are named for Kane. The Kane Historic Preservation Society maintains the Thomas L. Kane Memorial Chapel in Kane, Pennsylvania, and a statue of Kane stands in the Utah State Capitol, titled "Friend of the Mormons".

Education and abolitionism

Kane was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to John Kintzing Kane, a US district judge, and Jane Duval Leiper.[1] He was described as being of small stature, or "jockey-like", and food was always marginal. In correspondence, he referred to himself as an invalid. After receiving a stateside education, he traveled to Europe to study in Great Britain and France, and to build up his constitution.[2]: 10  In Paris, he befriended French intellectuals such as Auguste Comte. His apartment in France was raided by police who suspected revolutionary activity due to his acceptance of Comte's philosophies.[3] During his several years in Paris, he became proficient in French and contributed articles to several French magazines.[4] He began to study law after returning to the states, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1846.[5]: 266 

As a young man, he expressed interest in a political career and sought a position in the government of California at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War (1848), but was unsuccessful. He briefly clerked for his father, then obtained a position as a Clerk of the District Court in eastern Pennsylvania.[2]: 11  An abolitionist, Kane was distressed at the passage of the Compromise of 1850, which increased his legal responsibility to return fleeing slaves to southern territories under the Fugitive Slave Act. He almost immediately tendered his resignation to his father, who had the younger Kane jailed for contempt of court.[6]: 159  The US Supreme Court later overturned this arrest.[2]: 11  After his release, Kane became increasingly active in the abolitionist movement.[7]: 272  He maintained a correspondence with Horace Greeley and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and wrote newspaper articles on abolition and social issues related to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[8]: 26 

Mormon philanthropy

Mormon Battalion

Kane came in contact with members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints during a Philadelphia conference in May 1846.[5]: 266  Kane offered them his advice and help in their conflicts with the US government and in their efforts to emigrate to western territories. Jesse C. Little, presiding LDS elder in the East, was soliciting support for the Latter-day Saints' westward migration. Politically well-connected through his father, Kane provided letters of recommendation and later joined Little in Washington, D.C. The two called on the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and President James K. Polk.[1]: 52  [2]: 13  As a result of their negotiations, the United States agreed to enlist up to 500 LDS men, in five companies of 75 to 100 men each, as the Mormon Battalion, to serve in the Mexican–American War.[1]: 57 [9]: 239 

With the help of his father, Kane obtained US government permission for the refugee Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie and Omaha Indian lands along the Missouri River.[2]: 18 [10]: 36  After carrying dispatches relating to the land agreements and battalion criteria to Fort Leavenworth, Kane sought out Little in the Latter-day Saint encampments on the Missouri River. On July 17, 1846, a meeting was held with Kane, LDS leaders, and Army Captain James Allen to create the Mormon Battalion.[9]: 237  Kane met many leaders of the church, and became a popular figure among Mormon emigrants.[9]: 242  Miller's Hollow, the principal Iowa settlement of the LDS group at the site of present-day Council Bluffs, was renamed Kanesville in recognition of his service.[5]: 20 

During this stay, Kane became seriously ill. Although good care from both an army physician from Fort Leavenworth and church members helped him recover, he suffered poor health the rest of his life.[11]: 138 

Utah territory and statehood

In March 1850, in the midst of debate over establishing Utah Territory, Kane delivered an important lecture before the Philadelphia Historical Society.[2]: 47  He described the religion of the Latter-day Saints, their conflicts with other settlers, and the desolation he witnessed during a visit to the recently abandoned Nauvoo, Illinois. He also described the Saints' westward trek. One thousand copies of the lecture, with associated notes and materials, were printed and distributed, primarily to members of Congress and influential men in the Executive Branch. The lecture was reprinted in several Mormon publications: the Frontier Guardian (August 7, 1850), and in the Millennial Star (April 15 to July 15, 1851) where it reached an even larger audience.[2]: 47  Six months later, he defended Brigham Young in eastern newspapers. Kane was asked to provide recommendations and information about the Mormons to President Millard Fillmore. When Utah was granted a territorial government by Congress on September 9, 1850, Fillmore asked Kane to be the first governor. He declined and recommended Young.[2]: 55  Throughout the 1850s, he promoted Utah statehood and defended the church's interests at every opportunity.[12]

Kane married his British-born cousin Elizabeth Dennistown (or Dennistoun) Wood on April 21, 1853.[1]: 3  [13]: 92  Elizabeth Wood Kane completed a medical degree from the Philadelphia Female Medical College in 1883, though she never practiced independently.[14]: 6, 8  Two of their sons, Evan and William (later known as Thomas L., Jr.), and their daughter Harriet, became physicians,[15] while their older son Elisha became a civil engineer,[16] and later an arctic explorer.[17]

After Thomas Kane died in 1883, his widow built the home Anoatok in Kane, Pennsylvania.[18]

In a work produced in 1902, historian William Alexander Linn, evidently believing that no non-Mormon would serve as an advocate for the group, asserted that Kane was a secret member of the LDS church and dated his baptism to his 1846 stay on the Missouri River.[19] Kane, his family, and LDS Church leaders all stated that, despite his interest in Mormons and Mormon doctrine and practices, Kane never joined the LDS church.[20]: 206–209  His wife's letters and journals indicate that, to her distress, her husband was unable to state unequivocally that he was a Christian.[14]: 180, 185  Although he was raised Presbyterian, he never joined that or any church, nor practiced Presbyterianism as his wife did.[14]: 54 

Utah War

In the winter of 1857–1858 Kane made a strenuous trip from the East coast to Salt Lake City. Once there, he helped prevent bloodshed by mediating a dispute between the Mormons and the federal government, known as the Utah War.[5]: 596 [2]: 103  Mormonism, the practice of plural marriage, and the governance of the Utah territory were issues in the federal election of 1856. Responding to rumors and reports of Mormon misrule in Utah shortly after his inauguration in March 1857, President James Buchanan appointed a new Utah Territorial governor Alfred Cumming of Georgia, replacing Brigham Young.[2]: 149  Responding to rumors (later proved false) that the Mormons were in rebellion against the US government, Buchanan sent an army of 2,500, with orders to place Cummings in Young's Governor Office by force if necessary.[21]: 45 

Unfortunately, Buchanan did not officially notify Young about the change in appointment, and rumors of planned US army attacks on Utah communities flew just ahead of the troops.[2] The Mormons, who had already been driven out of several states, were prepared to burn their settlements to the ground and resist yet another forced removal. The Mormons prepared to fight, activating the Nauvoo Legion (essentially all able-bodied men aged 15 to 60), and began preparing for a scorched-earth fighting withdrawal to southern Utah.[9] 168 Mormon patrols located three Army supply trains following the army troops on the Oregon/California/Mormon trail which were attacked and burned by Nauvoo Legion members led by Lot Smith.[9]: 314  This stalled the US Army advance at Fort Bridger in Wyoming for the winter of 1857–1858.

Earlier in the year, hearing of the "misunderstanding", Kane offered to mediate. As it was a heavy winter, he traveled under an alias to Utah by way of Panama, crossing the isthmus by the newly completed (1855) Panama Railroad and taking a ship north to southern California. He then went overland through San Bernardino, California to Salt Lake City over the strenuous southern branch of the California Trail (now Interstate 15), arriving in Salt Lake City in February 1858.[2]: 107  Kane persuaded Young to accept Buchanan's appointment of Cumming as Territorial governor, and to present no opposition to the federal troops, called Johnston's Army, acting as escort. Kane then traveled to the army's winter base at Fort Bridger, and persuaded Governor Cumming to travel to Salt Lake City without his military escort. Cumming was courteously received by Young and Utah residents, and was shortly installed in his new office. The army came into Utah some weeks later and was bivouacked on vacant land that became Camp Floyd, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Salt Lake City.[5]: 646  The army left the territory in 1860 as the looming Civil War pulled in nearly all frontier troops.

While in Salt Lake City, Kane received news that his father had died in 1858. He remained in Utah until May 13, when he and an LDS escort returned east across the continent to make his report to President Buchanan.[22]

Friendship with Young

Kane became a personal friend of Brigham Young, and stayed in contact with the church leader for many years.[10]: 30  Kane visited Utah several times, advising Young on dealing with the federal government. In 1869 the railroad completed its connection to both coasts (by a tie-in in northern Utah), and in 1871 Young urged Kane and his family to visit:

General, now that the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad are completed and the facilities for traveling have made the trip across the plains comparatively a pleasure, may we hope to see you here soon? Let me assure you there is not one among the thousands who will cross the plains this season to whom the Latter-day Saints would more cordially extend the hand of warm welcome. Those who know you cherish for you the fondest recollection, while with all, your name is held in honorable remembrance.

— Brigham Young, April 16, 1871

Kane, his wife, and their two younger sons spent the winter of 1872 in Utah. They traveled throughout the territory and were Young's guests at his winter home in St. George, partially in an effort to regain Kane's failing health.[23] During the winter, Kane and Young laid plans for the Mormon settlement of sections of Arizona and the Sonora Valley in Mexico.[5]: 9  [9]: 372  Kane also interviewed Young, gathering information for a planned biography (which he did not complete).[22]: 399  In turn, Young consulted Kane as an attorney on dealing with federal charges pending against him.[24]

 
Statue of Thomas L. Kane, Kane Memorial Chapel, Kane, Pennsylvania

Elizabeth Kane corresponded with her family during her visit to Utah. Her father, William Wood, later published selected letters as a book titled Twelve Mormon Homes, since issued in several editions.[25] The journal that she kept during her winter in St. George was edited and published in 1992 as Elizabeth Kane's St. George Journal.[26] Kane returned to Utah upon Young's death in 1877, attending his funeral and offering condolences to family and church leaders.[25]: 79  He also oversaw the execution of Young's will, which he had prepared, ensuring an appropriate separation of church and personal property.[22]: 399–400  Young held a number of church properties in his own name due to the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862, which made it illegal for the LDS church to own property valued at more than $50,000.[27]: 5 [28]: 1524  Ownership of these properties was transferred to his successor in the presidency, John Taylor.[27]: 12 

Civil War service

By 1858, Thomas Kane's service to the Mormons mostly ended.[29]: ix  As the Civil War began, Kane raised a mounted rifle regiment, the 42nd Pennsylvania Infantry, also referred to as the 13th Pennsylvania Reserves. He recruited woodsmen and lumbermen from western Pennsylvania—men who were experienced in the woods, could forage for themselves, and could shoot rifles.[6]: 28  As the regiment was forming, one recruit ornamented his hat with a tail from a deer's carcass that he found in a butcher shop. Other men in the regiment liked this decoration and copied him, causing the regiment to be known as the "Bucktails".[2]: 191 [6]: 160  The men in the regiment built three large log rafts and one smaller one, and floated down the Susquehanna River to Harrisburg, where they were mustered in.[6]: 28  On June 12, 1861, veteran Charles J. Biddle was named the Union regiment's colonel with Kane as lieutenant colonel. Kane was originally voted as colonel with Biddle as his lieutenant, but he resigned and requested that Biddle be made colonel, because Biddle had more military experience.[30]

Kane has been described as a "visionary" of infantry tactics.[6]: 160  He taught his men what would become known as "skirmisher tactics". They learned to scatter under fire and to make use of whatever cover the ground offered, and to fire only when they could see their targets. He stressed individual responsibility in his soldiers, a contradiction to the military thinking of the time. He held target practice, which was also an innovative idea, and drilled them in long-range firing, developing his men into fine sharpshooters.[9]

The Bucktails were assigned to the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac. When Colonel Biddle resigned to enter United States Congress, Lt. Col. Kane took command. On December 20, 1861, Kane was wounded while leading a patrol at the Battle of Dranesville. A bullet struck the right side of his face, knocking out some teeth and producing long-term difficulties with his vision.[6]: 160 

By the spring of 1862, Kane had partially recovered from his wound and returned to the Bucktails. They served as part of Brig. Gen. George Dashiell Bayard's cavalry in the Shenandoah Valley, fighting against Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. At Harrisonburg, he and 104 picked riflemen were sent to the rescue of an ambushed regiment. Kane encountered three Confederate regiments on June 6, 1862. He was struck by a bullet that split the bone below his right knee and his men left him on the field. When he tried to rise after the fighting was over, a Confederate soldier broke his breastbone with a blow from the butt of his rifle and Kane, unconscious, was captured.[6]: 160  He was exchanged for Williams C. Wickham in mid-August. He returned to duty in time for the Northern Virginia Campaign, but was so weakened that another officer led his regiment. He had to be helped onto his horse and was forced to walk using crutches; his Harrisonburg wound would reopen repeatedly for the next two years.[6]

Kane was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on September 7, 1862, and given command of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac.[2]: 199  This brigade was mustered out in March 1863 before Kane could lead it in combat. Kane was assigned a new brigade (now in the 2nd Division of the XII Corps) and saw action at Chancellorsville.[31]: 327  After his horse stumbled in the Rapidan River and dumped him into the water on April 28, 1863, Kane developed a case of pneumonia. He was sent to a Baltimore, Maryland, hospital, where he remained through June. Upon hearing of General Robert E. Lee's second invasion of the North (Lee's Gettysburg Campaign), Kane volunteered to convey intelligence to the commander of the Army of the Potomac, George Gordon Meade, and rose from his sickbed to join his men. On a difficult ride by railroad and buggy, he avoided capture by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry by disguising himself as a civilian. He arrived at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the morning of July 2, 1863.[6]

Kane resumed command of his brigade, occupying a position on Culp's Hill, the right of the Union line. His men did not participate in the bloody fighting of July 2 because his division, commanded by Maj. Gen. John W. Geary, was pulled out of the line and sent to defend against Confederate attacks on the Union left. (Due to bad navigation by Geary, the column took a wrong turn and never did reach the fighting that day.) However, when his men returned to their hastily constructed breastworks on Culp's Hill that night, they found Confederate soldiers occupying them and Kane's corps commander ordered an assault for early the next morning to regain the position.[6]: 158  Before the Union attack could be launched on July 3, the Confederates struck first, and Kane and his men met and repulsed them. During the action Kane fell ill, and the brigade's second-in-command, Colonel George A. Cobham, Jr., actively assisted in command.[6]: 157  Although his brigade was victorious, Kane was a broken man and never recovered his health. He suffered from his festering facial wound, lingering chest problems, and impaired vision.[6]: 160  He formally relinquished command the next day. He was then posted to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he supervised the draft depot. As he failed to recover his health, Kane resigned his commission on November 7, 1863.[32] For his service at Gettysburg, he was named Brevet major general on March 13, 1865.[6]: 161 

 
Thomas L. Kane Memorial Chapel

Later life and death

After the Civil War, Kane and his wife moved to the frontier in western Pennsylvania, eventually owning over 100,000 acres (400 km2) of timberland on which oil and gas were later discovered. Kane, whose father had been the attorney who incorporated the Pennsylvania Railroad, laid out railroad routes in that area and located the low summit over which the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad crosses the Alleghenies.[2]: 204  Kane was involved in founding the community of Kane, Pennsylvania.[14]: 7  Kane acted as a director of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad.[2]: 204  He had served as secretary at the United States legation in Paris in 1842–1843.[2]: 10  He was the first president of the Board of State Charities,[33]: 3  and a member of the American Philosophical, American Geographical, and Pennsylvania Historical Societies.[34]: 33  He was a Freemason.[8] His later years were spent in charitable work and writing. He died of pneumonia in Philadelphia[32] and is buried in Kane, Pennsylvania.[12]

Legacy and memorials

Kane County, Utah was named for Thomas L. Kane,[35] as was the Kanesville Tabernacle in Council Bluffs, Iowa.[36] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains as a historic site the Thomas L. Kane Memorial Chapel, in Kane, Pennsylvania, in recognition of Kane's friendship and assistance. Kane was a founder of the Borough and is buried in the chapel.[37] In addition, a bronze statue of Thomas L. Kane is displayed in Utah's Capitol Building, identified as a "Friend of the Mormons".[38]

Publications

  • Kane, Thomas L. (1850). The Mormons: A Discourse Delivered Before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, March 26, 1850. Philadelphia: King & Baird. OCLC 367799887.
  • Kane, Thomas L. (1868). Alaska and the Polar Regions: Lecture Before the American Geographical Society, in New York City, Thursday Evening, May 7, 1868. New York NY: Journeymen Printers' Co-operative Assoc. OCLC 423584459.
  • Kane, Thomas L. (1877). Coahuila: Read Before the American Philosophical Society, January 19, 1877. Philadelphia. OCLC 1538332.
  • Kane, Thomas L. (1937). Oscar Osburn Winther (ed.). The Private Papers and Diary of Thomas Leiper Kane, a Friend of the Mormons. San Francisco CA: Gelber-Lilienthal, Inc. OCLC 13850314.
  • Kane, Thomas L.; Young, Brigham (2015). Grow, Matthew J.; Walker, Ronald W. (eds.). The Prophet and the Reformer: The Letters of Brigham Young and Thomas L. Kane. New York NY: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-539773-4.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Grow, Matthew J. (2009). Liberty to the downtrodden. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/114/3/761/12893.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Zobell, Albert L. (1965). Sentinel in the East: A biography of Thomas L. Kane. Salt Lake City UT: N.G. Morgan. pp. https://www.worldcat.org/title/sentinel-in-the-east-a-biography-of-thomas-l-kane/oclc/8035097.
  3. ^ Sawin, Mark Metzler (1998). "A Sentinel for the Saints: Thomas Leiper Kane and the Mormon Migration" (PDF). Nauvoo Journal. 10: 18. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  4. ^ Walch, Tad (November 13, 2008). "Thomas Kane-A "friend of the Mormons"". Deseret News. Deseret Publishing Co. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Church History: Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Salt Lake City UT: Deseret Book Co. 1995.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tagg, Larry (1998). The General of Gettysburg. CampbellCA: Savas Publishing Co.
  7. ^ Horton, Loren N. (2008). The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa. Iowa City IA: University of Iowa Press.
  8. ^ a b Grow, Matthew J. (2009). "Thomas L. Kane and Nineteenth-Century American Culture". BYU Studies Quarterly. 48 (4): 9. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Allen, James B. (1992). The story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City UT: Deseret Book Co.
  10. ^ a b Kane, Thomas L. (1937). The private papers and diary of Thomas Leiper Kane: A friend of the Mormons. San Francisco CA: Gelber-Lilienthal, Inc.
  11. ^ Tyler, Daniel (1881). A concise history of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846–1847. ISBN 978-1-4326-1766-0.
  12. ^ a b Cannon, Donald Q. (1992). Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. London: Macmillan Publishing Co. pp. 779–780. ISBN 978-0028796055. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  13. ^ Kane, Elizabeth Wood (1974). Twelve Mormon homes visited in succession on a journey through Utah to Arizona. Salt Lake City UT: Tanner Trust Fund.
  14. ^ a b c d Barnes, Darcee (2002), "A Biographical Study of Elizabeth D. Kane", All Theses and Dissertations, Brigham Young University
  15. ^ Cutter, William Richard; Cuyler, Reynolds (1914), Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley, New York NY: Lewis Historical Publishing, pp. 1156–7
  16. ^ Johnson, Robert E. "Kane, Elisha Kent". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  17. ^ "Kane (Family : Kane, Thomas L. (Thomas Leiper), 1822-1883) - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Social Networks and Archival Context.
  18. ^ "Kane Manor". Kane Manor. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  19. ^ Linn, William Alexander (1901). The Story of the Mormons: From the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901. Macmillan. p. 374.
  20. ^ Whittaker, David J. (2010). ""My Dear Friend" The Friendship and Correspondence of Brigham Young and Thomas L. Kane". Colonel Thomas L. Kane and the Mormons, 1846-1883. Provo UT: BYU Studies. ISBN 9780842527569.
  21. ^ Reeve, W. Paul (2015). "The Mormon Church in Utah". In Givens, Terryl L.; Barlow, Philip L. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199778362. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c Arrington, Leonard J. (Fall 1981). ""In Honorable Remembrance": Thomas L. Kane's Services to the Mormons". Brigham Young University Studies. 21 (4): 389–402. JSTOR 43043859.
  23. ^ Kane, Elizabeth (1995). A Gentile Account of Life in Utah's Dixie, 18872-73. Salt Lake City UT: Tanner Trust Fund.
  24. ^ Sawin, Mark Metzler (Spring 1998). "A Sentinel for the Saints: Thomas Leiper Kane and the Mormon Migration" (PDF). Nauvoo Journal. 10: 17–26. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  25. ^ a b Whittaker, David (2001), "New Sources on Old Friends: The Thomas L. Kane and Elizabeth W. Kane Collection", Journal of Mormon History, 27 (1): 111–114, JSTOR 23288622
  26. ^ Madsen, Carol C. (1999). "Review: A Gentile Account of Life in Utah's Dixie, 1872–73: Elizabeth Kane's St. George Journal". BYU Studies Quarterly. 38 (3). Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  27. ^ a b Arrington, Leonard J. (February 1952). "The Settlement of the Brigham Young Estate, 1877-1879". Pacific Historical Review. 21 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/3635175. JSTOR 3635175.
  28. ^ Forbes, Stephanie (Spring 2003). "Why Just Have One: An Evaluation of the Anti-Polygamy Laws under the Establishment Clause". Houston Law Review. 39 (5). Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  29. ^ Winther, Oscar Osburn (1937). The Private Papers and Diary of Thomas Leiper Kane, A Friend of the Mormons (Introduction). San Francisco: Gelber-Lilienthal, Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  30. ^ Schenck, J.S. (1887). History of Warren County PA. Syracuse NY: D. Mason & Co. p. 181. charles J biddle thomas L kane colonel lieutenant colonel.
  31. ^ Eicher, John H. (1995). Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press.
  32. ^ a b Bowen, Norman R.; Zobell, Jr., Albert L. (October 1971). "General Thomas L. Kane". Ensign. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  33. ^ Whittaker, David J. (2009). "My Dear Friend: The Friendship and Correspondence of Brigham Young and Thomas L. Kane". BYU Studies Quarterly. 48 (4). Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  34. ^ Thomson, O.R. Howard; Rauch, William H. (1906). History of the "Bucktails". Philadelphia: Electric Printing Co. p. 33. Retrieved January 7, 2019. american philosophical american geographical and pennsylvania historical societies.
  35. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 172.
  36. ^ West, Aaron L. "Sustaining a New First Presidency in 1847". Historic Sites. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  37. ^ "Thomas L. Kane Memorial Chapel, Kane PA". Mormon Historic Sites. Mormon Historic Sites Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  38. ^ "Brigadier General Thomas L. Kane". Utah State Capitol. Capitol Preservation Board. Retrieved February 19, 2019.

Bibliography

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas L. Kane.

Archival collections

Other links

  • Thomas L. Kane, "Saints Without Halos", by Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, Signature Books
  • Thomas L. Kane at Find a Grave

March 04, 2023
thomas, kane, thomas, leiper, kane, january, 1822, december, 1883, american, attorney, abolitionist, philanthropist, military, officer, influential, western, migration, latter, saint, movement, served, union, army, colonel, general, volunteers, american, civil. Thomas Leiper Kane January 27 1822 December 26 1883 was an American attorney abolitionist philanthropist and military officer who was influential in the western migration of the Latter day Saint movement and served as a Union Army colonel and general of volunteers in the American Civil War He received a brevet promotion to major general for gallantry at the Battle of Gettysburg Thomas Leiper KaneThomas L KaneBorn 1822 01 27 January 27 1822Philadelphia PennsylvaniaDiedDecember 26 1883 1883 12 26 aged 61 Philadelphia PennsylvaniaBurial site Kane Memorial ChapelKane PennsylvaniaAllegianceUnited States of AmericaUnionService wbr branchUnited States ArmyUnion ArmyYears of service1861 1863RankBrigadier General Brevet Major GeneralCommands held1st Pennsylvania Rifle RegimentBattles warsAmerican Civil WarAwardsStatue in the Utah State CapitolRelationsThomas Leiper grandfather John K Kane father Elisha Kent Kane brother After meeting members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints at an 1846 Philadelphia conference Kane offered to help in their conflicts with the US government as they tried to migrate West He negotiated to allow them to occupy land along the Missouri River and later worked to help Utah achieve statehood He passed on an offer to govern the territory giving the position to Brigham Young During 1857 and 1858 Kane attempted to mediate a dispute between the Latter day Saints and the US government persuading Young to concede his governorship to President Buchanan s appointee preventing further escalation of the Utah War During the Civil War Kane organized a Pennsylvania regiment the Bucktails and served as lieutenant colonel After his promotion of brigadier general of volunteers he journeyed by railroad and buggy to convey intelligence about Robert E Lee s Gettysburg Campaign Kane and his brigade were victorious at Gettysburg but Kane had fallen ill and was forced to resign his commission After the war Kane and his family settled and helped establish Kane Pennsylvania He died of pneumonia in 1883 Both Kane County Utah and Kanesville Tabernacle are named for Kane The Kane Historic Preservation Society maintains the Thomas L Kane Memorial Chapel in Kane Pennsylvania and a statue of Kane stands in the Utah State Capitol titled Friend of the Mormons Contents 1 Education and abolitionism 2 Mormon philanthropy 2 1 Mormon Battalion 2 2 Utah territory and statehood 2 3 Utah War 2 4 Friendship with Young 3 Civil War service 4 Later life and death 5 Legacy and memorials 6 Publications 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links 10 1 Archival collections 10 2 Other linksEducation and abolitionism EditKane was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania to John Kintzing Kane a US district judge and Jane Duval Leiper 1 He was described as being of small stature or jockey like and food was always marginal In correspondence he referred to himself as an invalid After receiving a stateside education he traveled to Europe to study in Great Britain and France and to build up his constitution 2 10 In Paris he befriended French intellectuals such as Auguste Comte His apartment in France was raided by police who suspected revolutionary activity due to his acceptance of Comte s philosophies 3 During his several years in Paris he became proficient in French and contributed articles to several French magazines 4 He began to study law after returning to the states and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1846 5 266 As a young man he expressed interest in a political career and sought a position in the government of California at the conclusion of the Mexican American War 1848 but was unsuccessful He briefly clerked for his father then obtained a position as a Clerk of the District Court in eastern Pennsylvania 2 11 An abolitionist Kane was distressed at the passage of the Compromise of 1850 which increased his legal responsibility to return fleeing slaves to southern territories under the Fugitive Slave Act He almost immediately tendered his resignation to his father who had the younger Kane jailed for contempt of court 6 159 The US Supreme Court later overturned this arrest 2 11 After his release Kane became increasingly active in the abolitionist movement 7 272 He maintained a correspondence with Horace Greeley and Ralph Waldo Emerson and wrote newspaper articles on abolition and social issues related to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints 8 26 Mormon philanthropy EditMormon Battalion Edit Kane came in contact with members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints during a Philadelphia conference in May 1846 5 266 Kane offered them his advice and help in their conflicts with the US government and in their efforts to emigrate to western territories Jesse C Little presiding LDS elder in the East was soliciting support for the Latter day Saints westward migration Politically well connected through his father Kane provided letters of recommendation and later joined Little in Washington D C The two called on the Secretary of State Secretary of War and President James K Polk 1 52 2 13 As a result of their negotiations the United States agreed to enlist up to 500 LDS men in five companies of 75 to 100 men each as the Mormon Battalion to serve in the Mexican American War 1 57 9 239 With the help of his father Kane obtained US government permission for the refugee Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie and Omaha Indian lands along the Missouri River 2 18 10 36 After carrying dispatches relating to the land agreements and battalion criteria to Fort Leavenworth Kane sought out Little in the Latter day Saint encampments on the Missouri River On July 17 1846 a meeting was held with Kane LDS leaders and Army Captain James Allen to create the Mormon Battalion 9 237 Kane met many leaders of the church and became a popular figure among Mormon emigrants 9 242 Miller s Hollow the principal Iowa settlement of the LDS group at the site of present day Council Bluffs was renamed Kanesville in recognition of his service 5 20 During this stay Kane became seriously ill Although good care from both an army physician from Fort Leavenworth and church members helped him recover he suffered poor health the rest of his life 11 138 Utah territory and statehood Edit In March 1850 in the midst of debate over establishing Utah Territory Kane delivered an important lecture before the Philadelphia Historical Society 2 47 He described the religion of the Latter day Saints their conflicts with other settlers and the desolation he witnessed during a visit to the recently abandoned Nauvoo Illinois He also described the Saints westward trek One thousand copies of the lecture with associated notes and materials were printed and distributed primarily to members of Congress and influential men in the Executive Branch The lecture was reprinted in several Mormon publications the Frontier Guardian August 7 1850 and in the Millennial Star April 15 to July 15 1851 where it reached an even larger audience 2 47 Six months later he defended Brigham Young in eastern newspapers Kane was asked to provide recommendations and information about the Mormons to President Millard Fillmore When Utah was granted a territorial government by Congress on September 9 1850 Fillmore asked Kane to be the first governor He declined and recommended Young 2 55 Throughout the 1850s he promoted Utah statehood and defended the church s interests at every opportunity 12 Kane married his British born cousin Elizabeth Dennistown or Dennistoun Wood on April 21 1853 1 3 13 92 Elizabeth Wood Kane completed a medical degree from the Philadelphia Female Medical College in 1883 though she never practiced independently 14 6 8 Two of their sons Evan and William later known as Thomas L Jr and their daughter Harriet became physicians 15 while their older son Elisha became a civil engineer 16 and later an arctic explorer 17 After Thomas Kane died in 1883 his widow built the home Anoatok in Kane Pennsylvania 18 In a work produced in 1902 historian William Alexander Linn evidently believing that no non Mormon would serve as an advocate for the group asserted that Kane was a secret member of the LDS church and dated his baptism to his 1846 stay on the Missouri River 19 Kane his family and LDS Church leaders all stated that despite his interest in Mormons and Mormon doctrine and practices Kane never joined the LDS church 20 206 209 His wife s letters and journals indicate that to her distress her husband was unable to state unequivocally that he was a Christian 14 180 185 Although he was raised Presbyterian he never joined that or any church nor practiced Presbyterianism as his wife did 14 54 Utah War Edit In the winter of 1857 1858 Kane made a strenuous trip from the East coast to Salt Lake City Once there he helped prevent bloodshed by mediating a dispute between the Mormons and the federal government known as the Utah War 5 596 2 103 Mormonism the practice of plural marriage and the governance of the Utah territory were issues in the federal election of 1856 Responding to rumors and reports of Mormon misrule in Utah shortly after his inauguration in March 1857 President James Buchanan appointed a new Utah Territorial governor Alfred Cumming of Georgia replacing Brigham Young 2 149 Responding to rumors later proved false that the Mormons were in rebellion against the US government Buchanan sent an army of 2 500 with orders to place Cummings in Young s Governor Office by force if necessary 21 45 Unfortunately Buchanan did not officially notify Young about the change in appointment and rumors of planned US army attacks on Utah communities flew just ahead of the troops 2 The Mormons who had already been driven out of several states were prepared to burn their settlements to the ground and resist yet another forced removal The Mormons prepared to fight activating the Nauvoo Legion essentially all able bodied men aged 15 to 60 and began preparing for a scorched earth fighting withdrawal to southern Utah 9 168 Mormon patrols located three Army supply trains following the army troops on the Oregon California Mormon trail which were attacked and burned by Nauvoo Legion members led by Lot Smith 9 314 This stalled the US Army advance at Fort Bridger in Wyoming for the winter of 1857 1858 Earlier in the year hearing of the misunderstanding Kane offered to mediate As it was a heavy winter he traveled under an alias to Utah by way of Panama crossing the isthmus by the newly completed 1855 Panama Railroad and taking a ship north to southern California He then went overland through San Bernardino California to Salt Lake City over the strenuous southern branch of the California Trail now Interstate 15 arriving in Salt Lake City in February 1858 2 107 Kane persuaded Young to accept Buchanan s appointment of Cumming as Territorial governor and to present no opposition to the federal troops called Johnston s Army acting as escort Kane then traveled to the army s winter base at Fort Bridger and persuaded Governor Cumming to travel to Salt Lake City without his military escort Cumming was courteously received by Young and Utah residents and was shortly installed in his new office The army came into Utah some weeks later and was bivouacked on vacant land that became Camp Floyd 30 miles 48 km southwest of Salt Lake City 5 646 The army left the territory in 1860 as the looming Civil War pulled in nearly all frontier troops While in Salt Lake City Kane received news that his father had died in 1858 He remained in Utah until May 13 when he and an LDS escort returned east across the continent to make his report to President Buchanan 22 Friendship with Young Edit Kane became a personal friend of Brigham Young and stayed in contact with the church leader for many years 10 30 Kane visited Utah several times advising Young on dealing with the federal government In 1869 the railroad completed its connection to both coasts by a tie in in northern Utah and in 1871 Young urged Kane and his family to visit General now that the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad are completed and the facilities for traveling have made the trip across the plains comparatively a pleasure may we hope to see you here soon Let me assure you there is not one among the thousands who will cross the plains this season to whom the Latter day Saints would more cordially extend the hand of warm welcome Those who know you cherish for you the fondest recollection while with all your name is held in honorable remembrance Brigham Young April 16 1871 Kane his wife and their two younger sons spent the winter of 1872 in Utah They traveled throughout the territory and were Young s guests at his winter home in St George partially in an effort to regain Kane s failing health 23 During the winter Kane and Young laid plans for the Mormon settlement of sections of Arizona and the Sonora Valley in Mexico 5 9 9 372 Kane also interviewed Young gathering information for a planned biography which he did not complete 22 399 In turn Young consulted Kane as an attorney on dealing with federal charges pending against him 24 Statue of Thomas L Kane Kane Memorial Chapel Kane Pennsylvania Elizabeth Kane corresponded with her family during her visit to Utah Her father William Wood later published selected letters as a book titled Twelve Mormon Homes since issued in several editions 25 The journal that she kept during her winter in St George was edited and published in 1992 as Elizabeth Kane s St George Journal 26 Kane returned to Utah upon Young s death in 1877 attending his funeral and offering condolences to family and church leaders 25 79 He also oversaw the execution of Young s will which he had prepared ensuring an appropriate separation of church and personal property 22 399 400 Young held a number of church properties in his own name due to the Morrill Anti Bigamy Act of 1862 which made it illegal for the LDS church to own property valued at more than 50 000 27 5 28 1524 Ownership of these properties was transferred to his successor in the presidency John Taylor 27 12 Civil War service EditBy 1858 Thomas Kane s service to the Mormons mostly ended 29 ix As the Civil War began Kane raised a mounted rifle regiment the 42nd Pennsylvania Infantry also referred to as the 13th Pennsylvania Reserves He recruited woodsmen and lumbermen from western Pennsylvania men who were experienced in the woods could forage for themselves and could shoot rifles 6 28 As the regiment was forming one recruit ornamented his hat with a tail from a deer s carcass that he found in a butcher shop Other men in the regiment liked this decoration and copied him causing the regiment to be known as the Bucktails 2 191 6 160 The men in the regiment built three large log rafts and one smaller one and floated down the Susquehanna River to Harrisburg where they were mustered in 6 28 On June 12 1861 veteran Charles J Biddle was named the Union regiment s colonel with Kane as lieutenant colonel Kane was originally voted as colonel with Biddle as his lieutenant but he resigned and requested that Biddle be made colonel because Biddle had more military experience 30 Kane has been described as a visionary of infantry tactics 6 160 He taught his men what would become known as skirmisher tactics They learned to scatter under fire and to make use of whatever cover the ground offered and to fire only when they could see their targets He stressed individual responsibility in his soldiers a contradiction to the military thinking of the time He held target practice which was also an innovative idea and drilled them in long range firing developing his men into fine sharpshooters 9 The Bucktails were assigned to the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac When Colonel Biddle resigned to enter United States Congress Lt Col Kane took command On December 20 1861 Kane was wounded while leading a patrol at the Battle of Dranesville A bullet struck the right side of his face knocking out some teeth and producing long term difficulties with his vision 6 160 By the spring of 1862 Kane had partially recovered from his wound and returned to the Bucktails They served as part of Brig Gen George Dashiell Bayard s cavalry in the Shenandoah Valley fighting against Stonewall Jackson s Valley Campaign At Harrisonburg he and 104 picked riflemen were sent to the rescue of an ambushed regiment Kane encountered three Confederate regiments on June 6 1862 He was struck by a bullet that split the bone below his right knee and his men left him on the field When he tried to rise after the fighting was over a Confederate soldier broke his breastbone with a blow from the butt of his rifle and Kane unconscious was captured 6 160 He was exchanged for Williams C Wickham in mid August He returned to duty in time for the Northern Virginia Campaign but was so weakened that another officer led his regiment He had to be helped onto his horse and was forced to walk using crutches his Harrisonburg wound would reopen repeatedly for the next two years 6 Kane was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on September 7 1862 and given command of the 2nd Brigade 1st Division XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac 2 199 This brigade was mustered out in March 1863 before Kane could lead it in combat Kane was assigned a new brigade now in the 2nd Division of the XII Corps and saw action at Chancellorsville 31 327 After his horse stumbled in the Rapidan River and dumped him into the water on April 28 1863 Kane developed a case of pneumonia He was sent to a Baltimore Maryland hospital where he remained through June Upon hearing of General Robert E Lee s second invasion of the North Lee s Gettysburg Campaign Kane volunteered to convey intelligence to the commander of the Army of the Potomac George Gordon Meade and rose from his sickbed to join his men On a difficult ride by railroad and buggy he avoided capture by Maj Gen J E B Stuart s cavalry by disguising himself as a civilian He arrived at Gettysburg Pennsylvania on the morning of July 2 1863 6 Kane resumed command of his brigade occupying a position on Culp s Hill the right of the Union line His men did not participate in the bloody fighting of July 2 because his division commanded by Maj Gen John W Geary was pulled out of the line and sent to defend against Confederate attacks on the Union left Due to bad navigation by Geary the column took a wrong turn and never did reach the fighting that day However when his men returned to their hastily constructed breastworks on Culp s Hill that night they found Confederate soldiers occupying them and Kane s corps commander ordered an assault for early the next morning to regain the position 6 158 Before the Union attack could be launched on July 3 the Confederates struck first and Kane and his men met and repulsed them During the action Kane fell ill and the brigade s second in command Colonel George A Cobham Jr actively assisted in command 6 157 Although his brigade was victorious Kane was a broken man and never recovered his health He suffered from his festering facial wound lingering chest problems and impaired vision 6 160 He formally relinquished command the next day He was then posted to Pittsburgh Pennsylvania where he supervised the draft depot As he failed to recover his health Kane resigned his commission on November 7 1863 32 For his service at Gettysburg he was named Brevet major general on March 13 1865 6 161 Thomas L Kane Memorial ChapelLater life and death EditAfter the Civil War Kane and his wife moved to the frontier in western Pennsylvania eventually owning over 100 000 acres 400 km2 of timberland on which oil and gas were later discovered Kane whose father had been the attorney who incorporated the Pennsylvania Railroad laid out railroad routes in that area and located the low summit over which the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad crosses the Alleghenies 2 204 Kane was involved in founding the community of Kane Pennsylvania 14 7 Kane acted as a director of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad 2 204 He had served as secretary at the United States legation in Paris in 1842 1843 2 10 He was the first president of the Board of State Charities 33 3 and a member of the American Philosophical American Geographical and Pennsylvania Historical Societies 34 33 He was a Freemason 8 His later years were spent in charitable work and writing He died of pneumonia in Philadelphia 32 and is buried in Kane Pennsylvania 12 Legacy and memorials EditKane County Utah was named for Thomas L Kane 35 as was the Kanesville Tabernacle in Council Bluffs Iowa 36 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints maintains as a historic site the Thomas L Kane Memorial Chapel in Kane Pennsylvania in recognition of Kane s friendship and assistance Kane was a founder of the Borough and is buried in the chapel 37 In addition a bronze statue of Thomas L Kane is displayed in Utah s Capitol Building identified as a Friend of the Mormons 38 Publications EditKane Thomas L 1850 The Mormons A Discourse Delivered Before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania March 26 1850 Philadelphia King amp Baird OCLC 367799887 Kane Thomas L 1868 Alaska and the Polar Regions Lecture Before the American Geographical Society in New York City Thursday Evening May 7 1868 New York NY Journeymen Printers Co operative Assoc OCLC 423584459 Kane Thomas L 1877 Coahuila Read Before the American Philosophical Society January 19 1877 Philadelphia OCLC 1538332 Kane Thomas L 1937 Oscar Osburn Winther ed The Private Papers and Diary of Thomas Leiper Kane a Friend of the Mormons San Francisco CA Gelber Lilienthal Inc OCLC 13850314 Kane Thomas L Young Brigham 2015 Grow Matthew J Walker Ronald W eds The Prophet and the Reformer The Letters of Brigham Young and Thomas L Kane New York NY Oxford University Press USA ISBN 978 0 19 539773 4 See also Edit American Civil War portalList of American Civil War generals Union Thomas L Kane Memorial ChapelReferences Edit a b c d Grow Matthew J 2009 Liberty to the downtrodden New Haven Yale University Press pp https academic oup com ahr article abstract 114 3 761 12893 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Zobell Albert L 1965 Sentinel in the East A biography of Thomas L Kane Salt Lake City UT N G Morgan pp https www worldcat org title sentinel in the east a biography of thomas l kane oclc 8035097 Sawin Mark Metzler 1998 A Sentinel for the Saints Thomas Leiper Kane and the Mormon Migration PDF Nauvoo Journal 10 18 Retrieved December 17 2018 Walch Tad November 13 2008 Thomas Kane A friend of the Mormons Deseret News Deseret Publishing Co Retrieved January 7 2019 a b c d e f Church History Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism Salt Lake City UT Deseret Book Co 1995 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tagg Larry 1998 The General of Gettysburg CampbellCA Savas Publishing Co Horton Loren N 2008 The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa Iowa City IA University of Iowa Press a b Grow Matthew J 2009 Thomas L Kane and Nineteenth Century American Culture BYU Studies Quarterly 48 4 9 Retrieved January 7 2019 a b c d e f g Allen James B 1992 The story of the Latter day Saints Salt Lake City UT Deseret Book Co a b Kane Thomas L 1937 The private papers and diary of Thomas Leiper Kane A friend of the Mormons San Francisco CA Gelber Lilienthal Inc Tyler Daniel 1881 A concise history of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War 1846 1847 ISBN 978 1 4326 1766 0 a b Cannon Donald Q 1992 Ludlow Daniel H ed Encyclopedia of Mormonism London Macmillan Publishing Co pp 779 780 ISBN 978 0028796055 Retrieved January 7 2019 Kane Elizabeth Wood 1974 Twelve Mormon homes visited in succession on a journey through Utah to Arizona Salt Lake City UT Tanner Trust Fund a b c d Barnes Darcee 2002 A Biographical Study of Elizabeth D Kane All Theses and Dissertations Brigham Young University Cutter William Richard Cuyler Reynolds 1914 Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley New York NY Lewis Historical Publishing pp 1156 7 Johnson Robert E Kane Elisha Kent Dictionary of Canadian Biography University of Toronto Retrieved January 7 2019 Kane Family Kane Thomas L Thomas Leiper 1822 1883 Social Networks and Archival Context snaccooperative org Social Networks and Archival Context Kane Manor Kane Manor Retrieved January 7 2019 Linn William Alexander 1901 The Story of the Mormons From the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901 Macmillan p 374 Whittaker David J 2010 My Dear Friend The Friendship and Correspondence of Brigham Young and Thomas L Kane Colonel Thomas L Kane and the Mormons 1846 1883 Provo UT BYU Studies ISBN 9780842527569 Reeve W Paul 2015 The Mormon Church in Utah In Givens Terryl L Barlow Philip L eds The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199778362 Retrieved February 1 2019 a b c Arrington Leonard J Fall 1981 In Honorable Remembrance Thomas L Kane s Services to the Mormons Brigham Young University Studies 21 4 389 402 JSTOR 43043859 Kane Elizabeth 1995 A Gentile Account of Life in Utah s Dixie 18872 73 Salt Lake City UT Tanner Trust Fund Sawin Mark Metzler Spring 1998 A Sentinel for the Saints Thomas Leiper Kane and the Mormon Migration PDF Nauvoo Journal 10 17 26 Retrieved February 1 2019 a b Whittaker David 2001 New Sources on Old Friends The Thomas L Kane and Elizabeth W Kane Collection Journal of Mormon History 27 1 111 114 JSTOR 23288622 Madsen Carol C 1999 Review A Gentile Account of Life in Utah s Dixie 1872 73 Elizabeth Kane s St George Journal BYU Studies Quarterly 38 3 Retrieved December 17 2018 a b Arrington Leonard J February 1952 The Settlement of the Brigham Young Estate 1877 1879 Pacific Historical Review 21 1 1 20 doi 10 2307 3635175 JSTOR 3635175 Forbes Stephanie Spring 2003 Why Just Have One An Evaluation of the Anti Polygamy Laws under the Establishment Clause Houston Law Review 39 5 Retrieved January 7 2019 Winther Oscar Osburn 1937 The Private Papers and Diary of Thomas Leiper Kane A Friend of the Mormons Introduction San Francisco Gelber Lilienthal Inc Retrieved February 4 2019 Schenck J S 1887 History of Warren County PA Syracuse NY D Mason amp Co p 181 charles J biddle thomas L kane colonel lieutenant colonel Eicher John H 1995 Civil War High Commands Stanford University Press a b Bowen Norman R Zobell Jr Albert L October 1971 General Thomas L Kane Ensign The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Retrieved January 7 2019 Whittaker David J 2009 My Dear Friend The Friendship and Correspondence of Brigham Young and Thomas L Kane BYU Studies Quarterly 48 4 Retrieved January 7 2019 Thomson O R Howard Rauch William H 1906 History of the Bucktails Philadelphia Electric Printing Co p 33 Retrieved January 7 2019 american philosophical american geographical and pennsylvania historical societies Gannett Henry 1905 The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States Govt Print Off p 172 West Aaron L Sustaining a New First Presidency in 1847 Historic Sites The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Retrieved February 19 2019 Thomas L Kane Memorial Chapel Kane PA Mormon Historic Sites Mormon Historic Sites Foundation Retrieved February 19 2019 Brigadier General Thomas L Kane Utah State Capitol Capitol Preservation Board Retrieved February 19 2019 Bibliography EditAllen James B Glen M Leonard The Story of the Latter day Saints Deseret Book Co Salt Lake City UT 1976 ISBN 0 87747 594 6 Bowen Norman R editor A Gentile Account of Life in Utah s Dixie 1872 73 Elizabeth Kane s St George Journal Tanner Trust Fund University of Utah Library Salt Lake City UT 1995 ISBN 1 56085 104 X Eicher John H and Eicher David J Civil War High Commands Stanford University Press 2001 ISBN 0 8047 3641 3 Grow Matthew J Liberty to the Downtrodden Thomas L Kane Romantic Reformer Yale University Press New Haven CT 2009 Holmes Gail Kane Thomas Leiper The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa University of Iowa Press 2009 Kane Elizabeth Wood with Everett L Cooley editor Twelve Mormon Homes Visited in Succession on a Journey through Utah to Arizona Tanner Trust Fund University of Utah Library Salt Lake City UT 1974 1874 OCLC 1499817 Ludlow Daniel H editor Church History Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism Deseret Book Co Salt Lake City UT 1995 ISBN 0 87579 924 8 Thomas L Kane Papers Held by the American Philosophical Society Philadelphia PA Facsimile copies held by the Special Collections Department University of Utah Library Tagg Larry The Generals of Gettysburg Savas Publishing 1998 ISBN 1 882810 30 9 Tyler Daniel A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War 1846 1847 Salt Lake City 1881 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas L Kane Archival collections Edit Thomas Leiper Kane Papers University of Utah Kane family papers Vault MSS 792 L Tom Perry Special Collections Harold B Lee Library Brigham Young University Kane family collection MSS 3910 L Tom Perry Special Collections Harold B Lee Library Transcriptions of Elizabeth Kane journals L Tom Perry Special Collections Harold B Lee Library Thomas Leiper Kane Papers Yale Collection of Western Americana Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library Yale University Other links Edit Thomas L Kane Saints Without Halos by Leonard J Arrington and Davis Bitton Signature Books Thomas L Kane at Find a Grave Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thomas L Kane amp oldid 1134076820, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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