Tetraphidaceae is a family of mosses. It includes only the two generaTetraphis and Tetrodontium, each with two species.[2] The defining feature of the family is the 4-toothed peristome.
The shoot and four-toothed peristome of Tetraphis pellucida
This family of mosses is most commonly found in northern latitudes.[4]
Tetraphis
Tetraphis pellucida is the most common species in the family and is usually found in deciduous forests.[4] Its leaves become wider in colder climates, which often leads to a misclassification of the species.[4]Tetraphis geniculata is less commonly found and also appears in northern latitudes.[4] The species often grows alongside the only other species in the genus, T. pellucida.[4] Both Tetraphis species are found growing on moist sedimentary rocks and also on soil with high organic content,[4] but the genus is mostly found growing on rotting logs.[5]
Tetrodontium
Tetrodontium brownianum grows most frequently on wet and shady rocks, of either granite or sandstone.[4] The species normally grows alone but has been found growing with other bryophytes.[4]Tetrodontium repandum is extremely rare and has been found growing in parts of central Europe, western North America and southeast Asia.[6]
Morphology
The most notable anatomical structure in the family Tetraphidaceae is the four teeth that make up the peristome.[7] The teeth are whole, thick-walled cells which classifies the moss family as nematodontous.[7] The teeth help the plant adapt as they can sense changes in the moisture in change length.[6]
A close-up on the four-toothed peristome on the Tetraphis pellucida. The four-toothed peristome is a characteristic of the Tetraphidaceae.
Tetraphis
The genus Tetraphis is made up of the species T. pellucida and T. geniculta. The shoots on T. pellucida can be up to 1.5 cm tall and the lower leaves are often only 1 mm in length.[8] The fertile shoot tips are longer with distinct leaves while the leaves on the sterile shoot tips are more clumped together.[8] The crowded leaves of the non-fertile shoot tip may form a gemma cup.[8] The capsule, which is only about 2–3 mm in length, contains the spores used in asexual reproduction and is made up of four peristome teeth.[2] The capsule usually fruits around early summer [9] and the green, papillose spores are spread by wind.[2]
The main contrast between T. pellucida and T. geniculta is the characteristics of the setae.[10] In T. pellucida the setae are smooth and straight while in T. geniculta they are bent and papillose.[10] In their immature forms, it is often difficult to tell one species from another as the seta is not yet fully developed.[10]
Tetrodontium
Tetrodontium brownianum has short, bristle-like structures that grow out of the protonemal leaves. These structures can be up to 4 mm long and the protonemal leaves can be up to 2.5 mm long.[11] Four triangular teeth make up the egg-shaped capsules which are normally only 1 mm long.[11] The spores are smooth, in contrast to the papillose spores produced by species in the genus Tetraphis.[2]Tetrodontium repandum is very similar but has long, thin branches and the stem usually only grows to be about 2 mm in height.[11] In some cases, a colony of Tetrodontium is made up only of the protonemal leaves.[11] Additionally, Tetrodontium species do not have specialized asexual structures, in contrast to species in the genus Tetraphis.[2]
History of taxonomy
Johann Hedwig first described and named the genus Tetraphis and the species Tetraphis pellucida in his book Species Muscorum Frondosorum, published in 1801.[2] In 1824 Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen named the genus Tetrodontium.[2] The phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Tetraphidaceae, in relation to other bryophytes, have long been disputed among bryologists.[7] Some believe that there are characteristics of the family, like the thalloid protonema or the development of the peristome, that indicate that the moss is primitive and may share a common ancestor with Sphagnopsida and Andreaeidae.[7] The exact phylogeny of the family and its species continues to be discussed among bryologists.
References
^ abGoffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 98: 205–239.
^ abcdefgHarpel, Judith A. (2007). "Tetraphidaceae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America. Vol. 27. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–115. ISBN978-0-19-531823-4.
^Goffinet, B.; W. R. Buck; A. J. Shaw (2008). "Morphology and Classification of the Bryophyta". In Bernard Goffinet; A. Jonathan Shaw (eds.). Bryophyte Biology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–138. ISBN978-0-521-87225-6.
^ abcdefghForman, Richard T. T. (1962). "The Family Tetraphidaceae in North America: Continental Distribution and Ecology". The Bryologist. 65 (4): 280–285. doi:10.2307/3240727. JSTOR 3240727.
^Crum, Howard (2001). Structural diversity of bryophytes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Herbarium. ISBN9780962073342. OCLC 46991287.
^ ab. Arkive. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
^ abcdShaw, Jonathan; Anderson, Lewis E. (1988). "Peristome Development in Mosses in Relation to Systematics and Evolution. II. Tetraphis pellucida (Tetraphidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 75 (7): 1019–1032. doi:10.2307/2443770. JSTOR 2443770.
^ abcAlan, Hale. "Tetraphis pellucida" (PDF). British Bryological Society: 333.
^Webmaster, David Ratz. "Four Tooth Moss - Montana Field Guide". Retrieved 2018-04-16.
^ abcWeber, William A.; Simone, Leo D. (1977). "Tetraphis pellucida and T. geniculata: Scindulae as Diagnostic Features in Bryophytes". The Bryologist. 80 (1): 164–167. doi:10.2307/3242528. JSTOR 3242528.
^ abcdAlan, Hale. "Tetrodontium brownianum" (PDF). British Bryological Field Guide: 334.
January 26, 2023
tetraphidaceae, family, mosses, includes, only, genera, tetraphis, tetrodontium, each, with, species, defining, feature, family, toothed, peristome, tetraphis, pellucidascientific, classificationkingdom, plantaedivision, bryophytaclass, tetraphidopsidagoffinet. Tetraphidaceae is a family of mosses It includes only the two genera Tetraphis and Tetrodontium each with two species 2 The defining feature of the family is the 4 toothed peristome TetraphidaceaeTetraphis pellucidaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeDivision BryophytaClass TetraphidopsidaGoffinet amp Buck 1 Order TetraphidalesM Fleisch Family TetraphidaceaeSchimp GeneraTetraphisTetrodontium family Tetraphidaceae TetraphisTetraphis geniculata Tetraphis pellucida dd TetrodontiumTetrodontium brownianum Tetrodontium repandum dd TakakiopsidaSphagnopsidaAndreaeopsidaAndreaeobryopsidaOedipodiopsidaTetraphidaceaePolytrichopsidaBryopsidaThe classification of Tetraphidaceae and its phylogenetic position among the mosses 1 3 Contents 1 Range 1 1 Tetraphis 1 2 Tetrodontium 2 Morphology 2 1 Tetraphis 2 2 Tetrodontium 3 History of taxonomy 4 ReferencesRange Edit The shoot and four toothed peristome of Tetraphis pellucida This family of mosses is most commonly found in northern latitudes 4 Tetraphis Edit Tetraphis pellucida is the most common species in the family and is usually found in deciduous forests 4 Its leaves become wider in colder climates which often leads to a misclassification of the species 4 Tetraphis geniculata is less commonly found and also appears in northern latitudes 4 The species often grows alongside the only other species in the genus T pellucida 4 Both Tetraphis species are found growing on moist sedimentary rocks and also on soil with high organic content 4 but the genus is mostly found growing on rotting logs 5 Tetrodontium Edit Tetrodontium brownianum grows most frequently on wet and shady rocks of either granite or sandstone 4 The species normally grows alone but has been found growing with other bryophytes 4 Tetrodontium repandum is extremely rare and has been found growing in parts of central Europe western North America and southeast Asia 6 Morphology EditThe most notable anatomical structure in the family Tetraphidaceae is the four teeth that make up the peristome 7 The teeth are whole thick walled cells which classifies the moss family as nematodontous 7 The teeth help the plant adapt as they can sense changes in the moisture in change length 6 A close up on the four toothed peristome on the Tetraphis pellucida The four toothed peristome is a characteristic of the Tetraphidaceae Tetraphis Edit The genus Tetraphis is made up of the species T pellucida and T geniculta The shoots on T pellucida can be up to 1 5 cm tall and the lower leaves are often only 1 mm in length 8 The fertile shoot tips are longer with distinct leaves while the leaves on the sterile shoot tips are more clumped together 8 The crowded leaves of the non fertile shoot tip may form a gemma cup 8 The capsule which is only about 2 3 mm in length contains the spores used in asexual reproduction and is made up of four peristome teeth 2 The capsule usually fruits around early summer 9 and the green papillose spores are spread by wind 2 The main contrast between T pellucida and T geniculta is the characteristics of the setae 10 In T pellucida the setae are smooth and straight while in T geniculta they are bent and papillose 10 In their immature forms it is often difficult to tell one species from another as the seta is not yet fully developed 10 Tetrodontium Edit Tetrodontium brownianum has short bristle like structures that grow out of the protonemal leaves These structures can be up to 4 mm long and the protonemal leaves can be up to 2 5 mm long 11 Four triangular teeth make up the egg shaped capsules which are normally only 1 mm long 11 The spores are smooth in contrast to the papillose spores produced by species in the genus Tetraphis 2 Tetrodontium repandum is very similar but has long thin branches and the stem usually only grows to be about 2 mm in height 11 In some cases a colony of Tetrodontium is made up only of the protonemal leaves 11 Additionally Tetrodontium species do not have specialized asexual structures in contrast to species in the genus Tetraphis 2 History of taxonomy EditJohann Hedwig first described and named the genus Tetraphis and the species Tetraphis pellucida in his book Species Muscorum Frondosorum published in 1801 2 In 1824 Christian Friedrich Schwagrichen named the genus Tetrodontium 2 The phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Tetraphidaceae in relation to other bryophytes have long been disputed among bryologists 7 Some believe that there are characteristics of the family like the thalloid protonema or the development of the peristome that indicate that the moss is primitive and may share a common ancestor with Sphagnopsida and Andreaeidae 7 The exact phylogeny of the family and its species continues to be discussed among bryologists References Edit a b Goffinet Bernard William R Buck 2004 Systematics of the Bryophyta Mosses From molecules to a revised classification Monographs in Systematic Botany Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes Missouri Botanical Garden Press 98 205 239 a b c d e f g Harpel Judith A 2007 Tetraphidaceae In Flora of North America Editorial Committee ed Flora of North America Vol 27 New York amp Oxford Oxford University Press pp 111 115 ISBN 978 0 19 531823 4 Goffinet B W R Buck A J Shaw 2008 Morphology and Classification of the Bryophyta In Bernard Goffinet A Jonathan Shaw eds Bryophyte Biology 2nd ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 55 138 ISBN 978 0 521 87225 6 a b c d e f g h Forman Richard T T 1962 The Family Tetraphidaceae in North America Continental Distribution and Ecology The Bryologist 65 4 280 285 doi 10 2307 3240727 JSTOR 3240727 Crum Howard 2001 Structural diversity of bryophytes Ann Arbor University of Michigan Herbarium ISBN 9780962073342 OCLC 46991287 a b Small four tooth moss videos photos and facts Tetrodontium repandum Arkive Archived from the original on 2018 04 16 Retrieved 2018 04 15 a b c d Shaw Jonathan Anderson Lewis E 1988 Peristome Development in Mosses in Relation to Systematics and Evolution II Tetraphis pellucida Tetraphidaceae American Journal of Botany 75 7 1019 1032 doi 10 2307 2443770 JSTOR 2443770 a b c Alan Hale Tetraphis pellucida PDF British Bryological Society 333 Webmaster David Ratz Four Tooth Moss Montana Field Guide Retrieved 2018 04 16 a b c Weber William A Simone Leo D 1977 Tetraphis pellucida and T geniculata Scindulae as Diagnostic Features in Bryophytes The Bryologist 80 1 164 167 doi 10 2307 3242528 JSTOR 3242528 a b c d Alan Hale Tetrodontium brownianum PDF British Bryological Field Guide 334 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tetraphidaceae amp oldid 1076447077, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
