The Temple of Jupiter Stator ("Jupiter the Sustainer")[1] was a sanctuary at the foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome. In Roman legend, it was founded by King Romulus after he pledged to build it during a battle between the Roman army and that of the Sabines. However, no temple was actually built on the site until the early 3rd century BC.
The Battle of the Lacus Curtius took place in the Forum area between Romulus and Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Romans had been forced to retreat uphill on the Via Sacra. However, at the Porta Mugonia, Romulus prayed to Jupiter and vowed him a temple if he stemmed the Sabine advance. The Romans regrouped and held their ground, staving off defeat.
On that spot, according to Livy 1.12.6, probably near or just outside the Porta, Romulus vowed to build the temple, if Jupiter caused the Romans to stop fleeing. And yet in Livy 10.36.11 the same story is told again about the consul Marcus Atilius Regulus, who made a similar vow in a similar situation, when the Romans were losing a battle against the Samnites in 294 BC, but they miraculously turned around, regrouped and held their ground against the enemy. Some scholars believe that the story of the earlier foundation by Romulus was a later pseudo-tradition.[2] Livy himself (10.37.15) explains that the earlier temple was merely a fānum, that is, consecrated ground where a temple was to be built later.
On November 8, 63 BC, it was in this temple, close to the Palatine Hill, that the senate convened to hear the consul Marcus Tullius Cicero deliver the first of his famous Catiline Orations against his enemy Lucius Catilina. This temple was also the place where Cicero imagined himself, 19 years later, delivering his Second Philippic oration against Mark Antony,[3] although that speech was never actually given.
The temple was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome during Nero's reign in July of 64 CE.
Location
Written sources[4] locate the temple just in front of the gate of the Palatine Hill leading to the Sacred Way. For example, Ovid (Fasti 6.794) mentions the temple of Stator "which Romulus once founded in front of the mouth of the Palatine Hill" (quam Romulus olim ante Palatini condidit ora iugi). However, the exact location of this gate, the Porta Mugonia, is not known with absolute certainty.
Livy states that the temple was located near the royal palace at the time of the death of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, near the "new street" (nova via) and that Queen Tanaquil addressed the people from the palace window.[5]
There is a fair amount of consensus on a location just besides the Arch of Titus on the northern slope of the Palatine Hill. When a medieval tower was demolished in 1827, the ruins of an ancient building appeared, and the remains are frequently identified as the foundations of the temple.
The Italian archaeologist Filippo Coarelli places it closer to the forum, between the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the Basilica of Maxentius, where the Temple of Romulus stands. His line of reasoning is based on the course of the Via Sacra before the construction of the Basilica of Maxentius, the known borders of the ancient administrative regions of the city and the literary sources listing the monuments in each region. The location near the Arch of Titus does not fit since it is in the wrong administrative region and not in the right position relative to the other buildings listed by ancient writers, but the Temple of Romulus on the Via Sacra is a perfect match.
The name Stator
The Latin word Stator (the a is short, cf. Ovid Fasti 6.794, Tristia 3.1.31) has two possible meanings, one "stander, attendant" from the intransitive verb stõ "I stand", the other "he who makes someone stand", from the transitive verb sistõ "I cause to stand".[6] The second meaning is the one intended here. The Oxford Latin Dictionary translates it as "one who establishes or upholds", Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary as "stayer, supporter".
Livy similarly connects the name Stator with the verb sistō in Romulus's prayer to Jupiter made at the moment when Romulus vowed to build a temple: "Take away the Romans' terror, and stay their disgraceful fleeing (dēme terrōrem Rōmānīs fugamque foedam siste); here I vow a temple to you, the Stayer Jupiter, to be a reminder to posterity that the city was saved with your present help."[7] In his account of the year 294 BC, he connects it with cōnsistō "I stand firm": templum Iovī Statōrī vovet, sī cōnstitisset ā fugā Rōmāna aciēs "(Regulus) vowed a temple to Jupiter the Stayer, if the Roman battle line stood firm".[8]
^O Hehir, Brendan; Dillon, John M. A classical lexicon for Finnegans wake : a glossary of the Greek and Latin in the major works of Joyce, including Finnegans wake, the Poems, Dubliners, Stephen Hero, A portrait of the artist as a young man, Exiles, and Ulysses: APPENDIX A(PDF). University of California Press. pp. 606–07. ISBN0-520-03082-6.
Huskey, Samuel J. (2006). Ovid's (Mis)Guided Tour of Rome: Some Purposeful Omissions in "Tr." 3.1. The Classical Journal, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 17-39.
Tomei, Maria Antonietta. 1993. “Sul tempio di Giove Statore al Palatino.” Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome. Antiquité 105: 621–659.
Watmough, Margaret M. T. (1995/96). "The Suffix -tor-: Agent-Noun Formation in Latin and the Other Italic Languages". Glotta, 1995/1996, pp. 80–115.
Wiseman, T.P. 2017. "Iuppiter Stator in Palatio. A New Solution to an Old Puzzle." Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch. Inst. Rom. Abt 123: 13–45.
Ziółkowski, Adam. 1989. “The Sacra Via and the Temple of Iuppiter Stator.” Opuscula Romana XVII: 225–239.
External links
Sights
Forum temple
January 31, 2023
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See also Temple of Jupiter Stator 2nd century BC The Temple of Jupiter Stator Jupiter the Sustainer 1 was a sanctuary at the foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome In Roman legend it was founded by King Romulus after he pledged to build it during a battle between the Roman army and that of the Sabines However no temple was actually built on the site until the early 3rd century BC Temple of Jupiter StatorTemple of Jupiter StatorShown in ancient RomeClick on the map for a fullscreen viewCoordinates41 53 31 N 12 29 15 E 41 8920 N 12 4874 E 41 8920 12 4874 Coordinates 41 53 31 N 12 29 15 E 41 8920 N 12 4874 E 41 8920 12 4874 Contents 1 Legend 2 Location 3 The name Stator 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksLegend EditThe Battle of the Lacus Curtius took place in the Forum area between Romulus and Tatius king of the Sabines The Romans had been forced to retreat uphill on the Via Sacra However at the Porta Mugonia Romulus prayed to Jupiter and vowed him a temple if he stemmed the Sabine advance The Romans regrouped and held their ground staving off defeat On that spot according to Livy 1 12 6 probably near or just outside the Porta Romulus vowed to build the temple if Jupiter caused the Romans to stop fleeing And yet in Livy 10 36 11 the same story is told again about the consul Marcus Atilius Regulus who made a similar vow in a similar situation when the Romans were losing a battle against the Samnites in 294 BC but they miraculously turned around regrouped and held their ground against the enemy Some scholars believe that the story of the earlier foundation by Romulus was a later pseudo tradition 2 Livy himself 10 37 15 explains that the earlier temple was merely a fanum that is consecrated ground where a temple was to be built later On November 8 63 BC it was in this temple close to the Palatine Hill that the senate convened to hear the consul Marcus Tullius Cicero deliver the first of his famous Catiline Orations against his enemy Lucius Catilina This temple was also the place where Cicero imagined himself 19 years later delivering his Second Philippic oration against Mark Antony 3 although that speech was never actually given The temple was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome during Nero s reign in July of 64 CE Location EditWritten sources 4 locate the temple just in front of the gate of the Palatine Hill leading to the Sacred Way For example Ovid Fasti 6 794 mentions the temple of Stator which Romulus once founded in front of the mouth of the Palatine Hill quam Romulus olim ante Palatini condidit ora iugi However the exact location of this gate the Porta Mugonia is not known with absolute certainty Livy states that the temple was located near the royal palace at the time of the death of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus near the new street nova via and that Queen Tanaquil addressed the people from the palace window 5 There is a fair amount of consensus on a location just besides the Arch of Titus on the northern slope of the Palatine Hill When a medieval tower was demolished in 1827 the ruins of an ancient building appeared and the remains are frequently identified as the foundations of the temple The Italian archaeologist Filippo Coarelli places it closer to the forum between the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the Basilica of Maxentius where the Temple of Romulus stands His line of reasoning is based on the course of the Via Sacra before the construction of the Basilica of Maxentius the known borders of the ancient administrative regions of the city and the literary sources listing the monuments in each region The location near the Arch of Titus does not fit since it is in the wrong administrative region and not in the right position relative to the other buildings listed by ancient writers but the Temple of Romulus on the Via Sacra is a perfect match The name Stator EditThe Latin word Stator the a is short cf Ovid Fasti 6 794 Tristia 3 1 31 has two possible meanings one stander attendant from the intransitive verb sto I stand the other he who makes someone stand from the transitive verb sisto I cause to stand 6 The second meaning is the one intended here The Oxford Latin Dictionary translates it as one who establishes or upholds Lewis and Short s Latin Dictionary as stayer supporter Livy similarly connects the name Stator with the verb sistō in Romulus s prayer to Jupiter made at the moment when Romulus vowed to build a temple Take away the Romans terror and stay their disgraceful fleeing deme terrōrem Rōmanis fugamque foedam siste here I vow a temple to you the Stayer Jupiter to be a reminder to posterity that the city was saved with your present help 7 In his account of the year 294 BC he connects it with cōnsistō I stand firm templum Iovi Statōri vovet si cōnstitisset a fuga Rōmana acies Regulus vowed a temple to Jupiter the Stayer if the Roman battle line stood firm 8 See also EditList of Ancient Roman templesReferences Edit O Hehir Brendan Dillon John M A classical lexicon for Finnegans wake a glossary of the Greek and Latin in the major works of Joyce including Finnegans wake the Poems Dubliners Stephen Hero A portrait of the artist as a young man Exiles and Ulysses APPENDIX A PDF University of California Press pp 606 07 ISBN 0 520 03082 6 Watmough 1995 96 p 88 Cicero Phil 2 118 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2 50 Livy 1 12 3 6 cf Cic Exil 24 Ovid Fasti 6 794 Ovid Tristia 3 1 31 2 Livy 1 41 4 Appian BC 2 11 cf Huskey 2006 pp 19 25 Livy Ab urbe condita 1 41 Watmough 1995 96 p 88 Livy 1 12 5 Livy 10 36 11 Further reading EditHuskey Samuel J 2006 Ovid s Mis Guided Tour of Rome Some Purposeful Omissions in Tr 3 1 The Classical Journal Vol 102 No 1 pp 17 39 Tomei Maria Antonietta 1993 Sul tempio di Giove Statore al Palatino Melanges de l Ecole Francaise de Rome Antiquite 105 621 659 Watmough Margaret M T 1995 96 The Suffix tor Agent Noun Formation in Latin and the Other Italic Languages Glotta 1995 1996 pp 80 115 Wiseman T P 2017 Iuppiter Stator in Palatio A New Solution to an Old Puzzle Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch Inst Rom Abt 123 13 45 Ziolkowski Adam 1989 The Sacra Via and the Temple of Iuppiter Stator Opuscula Romana XVII 225 239 External links EditSights Forum temple Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Temple of Jupiter Stator 3rd century BC amp oldid 1129677690, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
