In virology, temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages (notably coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle. Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny, which then leave the bacterium. With phage the term virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate, but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny (which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage).[1]
Induction of the lytic cycleedit
At some point, temperate bacteriophages switch from the lysogenic life cycle to the lytic life cycle. This conversion may happen spontaneously, although at very low frequencies (λ displays spontaneous conversion of 10−8 to 10−5 per cell).[2] In the majority of observed switch events, stressors - such as the cell's SOS response (due to DNA damage) or a change in nutrients - induces the switch.[3]
Lysogenic and lytic cyclesedit
Temperate phages can switch between a lytic and lysogenic life cycle. Lytic is more drastic, killing the host whereas lysogenic impacts host cells genetically or physiologically.[4][5][6] Here is a chart on temperate phages that are lytic and lysogenic and how they’re related. lysogeny is characterized by the integration of the phage genome in the host genome.
^Czyz A, Los M, Wrobel B, Wegrzyn G (2001). "Inhibition of spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli cultures: simple procedures with possible biotechnological applications". BMC Biotechnology. 1 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-1-1. PMC32160. PMID 11316465.
^Howard-Varona C, Hargreaves KR, Abedon ST, Sullivan MB (July 2017). "Lysogeny in nature: mechanisms, impact and ecology of temperate phages". The ISME Journal. 11 (7): 1511–1520. Bibcode:2017ISMEJ..11.1511H. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.16. PMC5520141. PMID 28291233.
^Howard-Varona C, Hargreaves KR, Abedon ST, Sullivan MB (July 2017). "Lysogeny in nature: mechanisms, impact and ecology of temperate phages". The ISME Journal. 11 (7): 1511–1520. Bibcode:2017ISMEJ..11.1511H. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.16. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC5520141. PMID 28291233.
^Cieślik M, Bagińska N, Jończyk-Matysiak E, Węgrzyn A, Węgrzyn G, Górski A (2021-05-28). "Temperate Bacteriophages—The Powerful Indirect Modulators of Eukaryotic Cells and Immune Functions". Viruses. 13 (6): 1013. doi:10.3390/v13061013. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC8228536. PMID 34071422.
^Gummalla VS, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Wu VC (2023-02-21). "The Role of Temperate Phages in Bacterial Pathogenicity". Microorganisms. 11 (3): 541. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11030541. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC10052878. PMID 36985115.
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temperateness, virology, virology, temperate, refers, ability, some, bacteriophages, notably, coliphage, display, lysogenic, life, cycle, many, temperate, phages, integrate, their, genomes, into, their, host, bacterium, chromosome, together, becoming, lysogen,. In virology temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages notably coliphage l to display a lysogenic life cycle Many but not all temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium s chromosome together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive typically lytic life cycle where the prophage is expressed replicates the phage genome and produces phage progeny which then leave the bacterium With phage the term virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage 1 Induction of the lytic cycle editAt some point temperate bacteriophages switch from the lysogenic life cycle to the lytic life cycle This conversion may happen spontaneously although at very low frequencies l displays spontaneous conversion of 10 8 to 10 5 per cell 2 In the majority of observed switch events stressors such as the cell s SOS response due to DNA damage or a change in nutrients induces the switch 3 Lysogenic and lytic cycles editTemperate phages can switch between a lytic and lysogenic life cycle Lytic is more drastic killing the host whereas lysogenic impacts host cells genetically or physiologically 4 5 6 Here is a chart on temperate phages that are lytic and lysogenic and how they re related lysogeny is characterized by the integration of the phage genome in the host genome Host Temperate PhagesEscherichia coli E coli prophage SUSP1 SUSP2 Salmonella Fels 2 EnterobacteriaceaeVibrio cholerae CTX𝜑 Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal phages Clostridium perfringens Clostridium phage phiMMP01 vbCpeS CP51 Staphylococcus phage nbsp Lysogenic and Lytic CycleNotes edit Barksdale L Arden SB 1974 Persisting bacteriophage infections lysogeny and phage conversions Annual Review of Microbiology 28 265 99 doi 10 1146 annurev mi 28 100174 001405 PMID 4215366 Czyz A Los M Wrobel B Wegrzyn G 2001 Inhibition of spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli cultures simple procedures with possible biotechnological applications BMC Biotechnology 1 1 1 doi 10 1186 1472 6750 1 1 PMC 32160 PMID 11316465 Howard Varona C Hargreaves KR Abedon ST Sullivan MB July 2017 Lysogeny in nature mechanisms impact and ecology of temperate phages The ISME Journal 11 7 1511 1520 Bibcode 2017ISMEJ 11 1511H doi 10 1038 ismej 2017 16 PMC 5520141 PMID 28291233 Howard Varona C Hargreaves KR Abedon ST Sullivan MB July 2017 Lysogeny in nature mechanisms impact and ecology of temperate phages The ISME Journal 11 7 1511 1520 Bibcode 2017ISMEJ 11 1511H doi 10 1038 ismej 2017 16 ISSN 1751 7362 PMC 5520141 PMID 28291233 Cieslik M Baginska N Jonczyk Matysiak E Wegrzyn A Wegrzyn G Gorski A 2021 05 28 Temperate Bacteriophages The Powerful Indirect Modulators of Eukaryotic Cells and Immune Functions Viruses 13 6 1013 doi 10 3390 v13061013 ISSN 1999 4915 PMC 8228536 PMID 34071422 Gummalla VS Zhang Y Liao Y Wu VC 2023 02 21 The Role of Temperate Phages in Bacterial Pathogenicity Microorganisms 11 3 541 doi 10 3390 microorganisms11030541 ISSN 2076 2607 PMC 10052878 PMID 36985115 nbsp This virus related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Temperateness virology amp oldid 1193714781, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
