Laboratorios Syntex SA (later Syntex Laboratories, Inc.) was a pharmaceutical company formed in Mexico City in January 1944 by Russell Marker, Emeric Somlo, and Federico Lehmann to manufacture therapeutic steroids from the Mexican yams called cabeza de negro (Dioscorea mexicana) and Barbasco (Dioscorea composita).[1] The demand for barbasco by Syntex initiated the Mexican barbasco trade.[2]
As the American Chemistry Society later explained: “In early 1944, the new Mexican company was chartered and named Syntex, S.A. (‘Synthesis and Mexico’). Russell Marker, shortly thereafter, left Syntex on account of his ruthless cofounder.[3]
Luis E. Miramontes, George Rosenkranz and Carl Djerassi's successful synthesis of norethisterone (also known as norethindrone) — which was later proven to be an effective pregnancy inhibitor — led to an infusion of capital into Syntex and the Mexican steroid pharmaceutical industry.[4]George Rosenkranz and Carl Djerassi went on to synthesize cortisone from diosgenin, the same phytosteroid contained in Mexican yams used to synthesize progesterone and norethindrone. The synthesis was more economical than the previous Merck & Co. synthesis, which started with bile acids.
In 1959, Syntex moved its operating headquarters to Palo Alto, California, United States, and evolved into a transnational corporation. Its foreign scientists had become frustrated with bureaucratic delays on the part of the Mexican government in granting work visas and approving necessary imports of pharmaceutical materials for their work. After 1959, Syntex was incorporated in Panama; its administration, research and marketing were conducted from Palo Alto; its manufacturing of bulk steroid intermediates remained in Mexico; and it also manufactured finished drugs at plants in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas.[5]
Syntex agreed to be acquired by the Roche group in May 1994.[6] After the acquisition closed, Roche downsized Syntex's research and development facilities in the Stanford Research Park and finally shut down what was left of Syntex in September 2008.[7] In 2011, VMware moved into the former Syntex campus in Palo Alto.[8]
Russell Marker co-founded the company in 1944. In May 1945, realizing that he was being left out of the company's profits, he left the company. When Marker took his notebooks with him, production was severely hampered because he had done the synthesis himself and had coded the reagent bottles.
George Rosenkranz had studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and was conducting pharmaceutical research in Cuba.[9] He joined Syntex in 1945 to replace Marker. He hired Djerassi in 1949.
Carl Djerassi went to work at Syntex in 1949 as the associate director of chemical research. He remained there through 1951, leaving to join the faculty of the Chemistry Department at Wayne State University (Detroit, Michigan) starting in 1952. He later returned to the company in 1957, was involved in the company's move to Palo Alto (where he had become a professor of chemistry at Stanford in 1960), and stayed around this time until 1972.
Alejandro Zaffaroni developed procedures for identifying and separating steroids using paper chromatography while studying at the University of Rochester, and joined Syntex as a research biochemist in 1951. He became vice-president in 1956, and was appointed president of Syntex's U.S. subsidiary in Palo Alto, California in 1962.
Luis E. Miramontes moved from UNAM to Syntex in 1950 as a researcher under Djerassi. Under the direction of Djerassi and Rosenkranz, he performed the last step of the first synthesis of an orally highly active progestin on 15 October 1951. The semi-synthetic steroid, norethisterone (19-Nor-17-alpha-ethynyltestosterone), was the first orally highly active progestin, which led to the development of the first oral contraceptive pills.
Albert Bowers joined Syntex, in 1956 as research group leader; went on to publish more than 90 scientific papers on steroid research and originated more than 120 U.S. patents. Bowers became president of Syntex in 1976, was chief executive officer from 1980 to 1989 and had served as chairman of the board, 1981-1990.
Jerzy Rzedowski worked as an explorer botanist. He later became the most prominent plant scientist in Mexico.
Ralph Dorfman Joined the company as a consultant in 1960, eventually serving as President of Syntex Research from 1967–1973
Birth control pilledit
Syntex submitted its compound to a laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, for biological evaluation, and found it was the most active, orally-effective progestational hormone of its time. Syntex submitted a patent application in November 1951. In August 1953, G.D. Searle & Co. filed for a patent for the synthesis of the double-bond isomer 13 of norethindrone called noretynodrel. Noretynodrel is converted into norethisterone under acidic conditions, such as those in the human stomach, and the new patent did not infringe on the Syntex patent. Searle obtained approval to market noretynodrel before Syntex received its approval. By 1964 three companies, including Syntex, G.D. Searle, and Johnson & Johnson under the Ortho Pharmaceutical brand, were marketing 2-mg doses of the Syntex norethindrone.
^Gereffi, Gary (1983). The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World (2017 reprint ed.). Princeton University Press: Princeton. p. 83. ISBN9781400886227. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^Laveaga, Gabriela Soto (2009). Jungle Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 3. ISBN9780822391968. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^"The 'Marker Degradation' & Creation of the Mexican Steroid Hormone Industry 1938–1945" (PDF). ACS.org. 1999.
^McFadden, Robert D. (2019-06-23). "George Rosenkranz, 102, a Developer of the Birth Control Pill, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
^Gereffi, Gary (1983). The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World (2017 reprint ed.). Princeton University Press: Princeton. p. 110. ISBN9781400886227. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^Freudenheim, Milt (3 May 1994). "Roche Set To Acquire Syntex". New York Times.
^Oremus, Will (September 2, 2008). "Roche confirms closing of Palo Alto complex". San Jose Mercury News.
^Sheyner, Gennady (November 21, 2011). "VMware unveils plan for massive campus expansion". Palo Alto Online. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^Rosenkranz had fled Nazi Germany to avoid the eventual Holocaust; while in Cuba en route to South America, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor stranded him there. He was able to work there for the duration of the war.
^Marshall, Eliot (1983-06-10). "The murky world of toxicity testing" (PDF). Science. 220 (4602): 1130–1132. Bibcode:1983Sci...220.1130M. doi:10.1126/science.6857237. PMID 6857237. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
^"The Scandal in Chemical Testing". The New York Times. 1983-05-16. Retrieved 2012-07-27. The problem was discovered only by accident, when a Government official looking for something else pulled out a file of IBT data by mistake.
^Merrell, Paul (Winter 1981). (PDF). NCAP News. 2 (3): 2–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
^Foster, Douglas; Mark Dowie; Steve Hubbell; Irene Moosen; Peter Waldman; Center for Investigative Reporting (June 1982). "Poisoned Research". Mother Jones. 7 (5): 38–40, 42–43, 45–48. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
Max F. PerutzI Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier: Essays on Science, Scientists, and Humanity. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1998
Carl DjerassiThis Man's Pill: Reflections on the 50th Birthday of the Pill. Oxford University Press 2001
Lara V. Marks Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 2001
Carl DjerassiSteroids Made It Possible. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1990
April 10, 2024
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Laboratorios Syntex SA later Syntex Laboratories Inc was a pharmaceutical company formed in Mexico City in January 1944 by Russell Marker Emeric Somlo and Federico Lehmann to manufacture therapeutic steroids from the Mexican yams called cabeza de negro Dioscorea mexicana and Barbasco Dioscorea composita 1 The demand for barbasco by Syntex initiated the Mexican barbasco trade 2 As the American Chemistry Society later explained In early 1944 the new Mexican company was chartered and named Syntex S A Synthesis and Mexico Russell Marker shortly thereafter left Syntex on account of his ruthless cofounder 3 Luis E Miramontes George Rosenkranz and Carl Djerassi s successful synthesis of norethisterone also known as norethindrone which was later proven to be an effective pregnancy inhibitor led to an infusion of capital into Syntex and the Mexican steroid pharmaceutical industry 4 George Rosenkranz and Carl Djerassi went on to synthesize cortisone from diosgenin the same phytosteroid contained in Mexican yams used to synthesize progesterone and norethindrone The synthesis was more economical than the previous Merck amp Co synthesis which started with bile acids In 1959 Syntex moved its operating headquarters to Palo Alto California United States and evolved into a transnational corporation Its foreign scientists had become frustrated with bureaucratic delays on the part of the Mexican government in granting work visas and approving necessary imports of pharmaceutical materials for their work After 1959 Syntex was incorporated in Panama its administration research and marketing were conducted from Palo Alto its manufacturing of bulk steroid intermediates remained in Mexico and it also manufactured finished drugs at plants in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas 5 Syntex agreed to be acquired by the Roche group in May 1994 6 After the acquisition closed Roche downsized Syntex s research and development facilities in the Stanford Research Park and finally shut down what was left of Syntex in September 2008 7 In 2011 VMware moved into the former Syntex campus in Palo Alto 8 Contents 1 Prominent researchers 2 Birth control pill 3 Scientific misconduct 4 References 5 Further readingProminent researchers editRussell Marker co founded the company in 1944 In May 1945 realizing that he was being left out of the company s profits he left the company When Marker took his notebooks with him production was severely hampered because he had done the synthesis himself and had coded the reagent bottles George Rosenkranz had studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and was conducting pharmaceutical research in Cuba 9 He joined Syntex in 1945 to replace Marker He hired Djerassi in 1949 Carl Djerassi went to work at Syntex in 1949 as the associate director of chemical research He remained there through 1951 leaving to join the faculty of the Chemistry Department at Wayne State University Detroit Michigan starting in 1952 He later returned to the company in 1957 was involved in the company s move to Palo Alto where he had become a professor of chemistry at Stanford in 1960 and stayed around this time until 1972 Alejandro Zaffaroni developed procedures for identifying and separating steroids using paper chromatography while studying at the University of Rochester and joined Syntex as a research biochemist in 1951 He became vice president in 1956 and was appointed president of Syntex s U S subsidiary in Palo Alto California in 1962 Luis E Miramontes moved from UNAM to Syntex in 1950 as a researcher under Djerassi Under the direction of Djerassi and Rosenkranz he performed the last step of the first synthesis of an orally highly active progestin on 15 October 1951 The semi synthetic steroid norethisterone 19 Nor 17 alpha ethynyltestosterone was the first orally highly active progestin which led to the development of the first oral contraceptive pills Albert Bowers joined Syntex in 1956 as research group leader went on to publish more than 90 scientific papers on steroid research and originated more than 120 U S patents Bowers became president of Syntex in 1976 was chief executive officer from 1980 to 1989 and had served as chairman of the board 1981 1990 Jerzy Rzedowski worked as an explorer botanist He later became the most prominent plant scientist in Mexico Ralph Dorfman Joined the company as a consultant in 1960 eventually serving as President of Syntex Research from 1967 1973Birth control pill editSyntex submitted its compound to a laboratory in Madison Wisconsin for biological evaluation and found it was the most active orally effective progestational hormone of its time Syntex submitted a patent application in November 1951 In August 1953 G D Searle amp Co filed for a patent for the synthesis of the double bond isomer 13 of norethindrone called noretynodrel Noretynodrel is converted into norethisterone under acidic conditions such as those in the human stomach and the new patent did not infringe on the Syntex patent Searle obtained approval to market noretynodrel before Syntex received its approval By 1964 three companies including Syntex G D Searle and Johnson amp Johnson under the Ortho Pharmaceutical brand were marketing 2 mg doses of the Syntex norethindrone Scientific misconduct editSyntex s submission of a fraudulent toxicology analysis of naproxen largely led to the Food and Drug Administration s uncovering of extensive scientific misconduct by Industrial Bio Test Laboratories in 1976 10 11 12 13 References edit Gereffi Gary 1983 The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World 2017 reprint ed Princeton University Press Princeton p 83 ISBN 9781400886227 Retrieved 11 January 2021 Laveaga Gabriela Soto 2009 Jungle Laboratories Mexican Peasants National Projects and the Making of the Pill Durham Duke University Press p 3 ISBN 9780822391968 Retrieved 11 January 2021 The Marker Degradation amp Creation of the Mexican Steroid Hormone Industry 1938 1945 PDF ACS org 1999 McFadden Robert D 2019 06 23 George Rosenkranz 102 a Developer of the Birth Control Pill Is Dead The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 02 03 Gereffi Gary 1983 The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World 2017 reprint ed Princeton University Press Princeton p 110 ISBN 9781400886227 Retrieved 11 January 2021 Freudenheim Milt 3 May 1994 Roche Set To Acquire Syntex New York Times Oremus Will September 2 2008 Roche confirms closing of Palo Alto complex San Jose Mercury News Sheyner Gennady November 21 2011 VMware unveils plan for massive campus expansion Palo Alto Online Retrieved 3 September 2021 Rosenkranz had fled Nazi Germany to avoid the eventual Holocaust while in Cuba en route to South America the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor stranded him there He was able to work there for the duration of the war Marshall Eliot 1983 06 10 The murky world of toxicity testing PDF Science 220 4602 1130 1132 Bibcode 1983Sci 220 1130M doi 10 1126 science 6857237 PMID 6857237 Retrieved 2012 07 27 The Scandal in Chemical Testing The New York Times 1983 05 16 Retrieved 2012 07 27 The problem was discovered only by accident when a Government official looking for something else pulled out a file of IBT data by mistake Merrell Paul Winter 1981 The Industrial Bio Test Caper PDF NCAP News 2 3 2 4 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 23 Retrieved 2012 08 05 Foster Douglas Mark Dowie Steve Hubbell Irene Moosen Peter Waldman Center for Investigative Reporting June 1982 Poisoned Research Mother Jones 7 5 38 40 42 43 45 48 Retrieved 2012 07 28 Further reading editCarl Djerassi Steroids 1994 Jan 59 1 58 9 Max F Perutz I Wish I d Made You Angry Earlier Essays on Science Scientists and Humanity Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1998 Carl Djerassi This Man s Pill Reflections on the 50th Birthday of the Pill Oxford University Press 2001 Lara V Marks Sexual Chemistry A History of the Contraceptive Pill New Haven Conn Yale University Press 2001 Carl Djerassi Steroids Made It Possible American Chemical Society Washington DC 1990 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Syntex amp oldid 1152176859, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
