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Sweyhat

December 20, 2023

Tell es-Sweyhat is the name of a large archaeological site on the Euphrates River in northern Syria. It is located in Raqqa Governorate roughly 95 km northeast of Aleppo and 60 km south of Carchemish. Also, a Uruk site of Jebel Aruda and a Bronze Age site Tell Hadidi (Azu) are located just across the river.

Sweyhat
Shown within Syria
LocationSyria
RegionRaqqa Governorate
Coordinates36°16′27″N 38°15′14″E / 36.27417°N 38.25389°E / 36.27417; 38.25389

History edit

Sweyhat dates from 3100–1900 BC, or the Early Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. The site covers approximately 45 hectares and consists of a central, high mound standing 15 meters above the surrounding plain and an extensive low mound surrounded by the remains of an earthen rampart. In the time of the Ur III Empire at the end of the 2nd millennium BC it was destroyed by fire and abandoned until the Hellenistic Period.[1] The site is located within Mesopotamia in a very marginal environment for agriculture, yet in antiquity it was a prosperous city.[2]

Archaeology edit

Sweyhat is best known for its intact fortifications of the mid-to-late 3rd millennium BC and its late-3rd-millennium temple located at the summit of the high mound. In 1993, the Penn excavators discovered a large cemetery of shaft-and-chamber tombs in the Low Mound dating to the mid 3rd millennium BC. Sweyhat is a classic example of a Kranzhugel (German, "crown-mound") — a form of ruin mound typical of the Bronze Age in northwestern Mesopotamia consists of a high mound surrounded by a lower ring mound.

Sweyhat was excavated by Thomas Holland for the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford University in 1973–75.[3][4] These excavations were part of the Tabqa Dam Salvage Project, initiated to save sites threatened by the formation of the impound lake, Lake Assad, behind a hydroelectric dam on the Euphrates River near the town of Tabqa. These excavations were renewed by Holland from the Oriental Institute of Chicago and Richard L. Zettler from the University of Pennsylvania Museum in 1989. This joint project excavated the site in 1989 and 1991. The Oriental Institute excavated again in 1992 and then halted operations at the site.[5] Zettler carried out field seasons for the UPM in 1993, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005, and 2007. The project, which ended in 2010, was directed by Michael D. Danti of Boston University's Department of Archaeology.[6][7] Among their finds were three Early Bronze Age tombs, one of which had not been robbed.[8]

Tell Hajji Ibrahim is another important Uruk site in the area.[9][10]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Astour, Michael C., "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)", Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 57-196, 2002
  2. ^ Peter M. M. G. Akkermans, Glenn M. Schwartz, The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-79666-0
  3. ^ Thomas A. Holland, Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria, 1973-74. Levant, vol. 8, pp.36-70, 1976
  4. ^ Thomas A. Holland, Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria, 1975. Levant, vol. 9, pp. 36- 65, 1977
  5. ^ Thomas A Holland,Tall as-Swehat. Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 40/41, pp. 275-85, 1993/1994
  6. ^ [1] M. Danti, The Tell es-Sweyhat Archaeological Project 2008, Context, vol. 20/1, pp. 1-5, 2008
  7. ^ [2] M. Danti and R. Zettler, Excavating an Enigma: The Latest Discoveries from Tell es-Sweyhat, Expedition, vol. 44/1, pp. 36-45, 2002
  8. ^ [3] Richard L. Zettler, A Bronze Age Cemetery Under a Barley Field, The Pennsylvania Gazette, Feb 1997
  9. ^ [4] D. Danti, .Michael, "The Tell es-Sweyhat Regional Archaeological Project", Expedition Magazine, vol. 38.1, Penn Museum, 1996
  10. ^ [5] Miller, N. F., Sweyhat and Hajji Ibrahim: Some Archaebotanical Samples From the 1991 and 1993 Seasons.MASCA ResearchPapers in Science and Archaeology, vol. 14, pp. 95-122, 1997

References edit

  • Holland, Thomas A. 1975. An Inscribed Weight from Tell Sweyhat, Syria. Iraq 37: 75-76.
  • Zettler, Richard L., ed. 1997. Subsistence and Settlement in a Marginal Environment: Tell es-Sweyhat, 1989–1995 Preliminary Report. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 14 (Philadelphia: Museum Applied Sciences Center for Archaeology) ISBN 1-931707-08-1
  • Danti, Michael D. and Richard L. Zettler. 1998. The Evolution of the Tell es-Sweyhat (Syria) Settlement System in the Third Millennium B.C. In Michel Fortin and Olivier Aurenche, eds. Espace Naturel, Espace Habité en Syrie du Nord (10e–2e millénaires av. J-C.) Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Bulletin 33; Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient 28 (Québec: Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies; Lyon: Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen), pp. 209–28.
  • [6] Tony J. Wilkinson, Tell es-Sweyhat, Volume 1. On the Margin of the Euphrates: Settlement and Land Use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad Area, Syria, Oriental Institute Publications 124, 2004, ISBN 1-885923-29-5
  • [7] Holland, Thomas A. 2006. Excavations at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria, Volume 2: Archaeology of the Bronze Age, Hellenistic, and Roman Remains at an Ancient Town on the Euphrates River. Oriental Institute Publications 125. Chicago: Oriental Institute, ISBN 1-885923-33-3
  • Danti, Michael D. and Richard L. Zettler. 2006. The Early Bronze Age in the Upper Euphrates River Valley and Northwest Jezireh, Syria. In Edgar Peltenburg, ed. Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC. Levant Supplementary Series 5. (Oxford: Council for British Research in the Levant/Oxbow Books), pp. 164–83.
  • Danti, Michael D. 2010. Late Middle Holocene Climate and Northern Mesopotamia. In A. Bruce Mainwaring, Robert Giegengack, and Claudio Vita-Finzi, eds. Climate Crises in Human History. American Philosophical Society Transactions, pp. 139–172.
  • [8] Cho, Frank Il Hwan, "Monumental Structures and Urbanism: Tell Es-Sweyhat in the Early Third Millennium B.C.E." (2001). Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 21, University of Pennsylvania

See also edit

External links edit

  • The Tell Es-Sweyhat Expedition Page - Oriental Institute
  • Status of Raqqa Museum where many site artifacts were stored

December 20, 2023
sweyhat, tell, name, large, archaeological, site, euphrates, river, northern, syria, located, raqqa, governorate, roughly, northeast, aleppo, south, carchemish, also, uruk, site, jebel, aruda, bronze, site, tell, hadidi, located, just, across, river, shown, wi. Tell es Sweyhat is the name of a large archaeological site on the Euphrates River in northern Syria It is located in Raqqa Governorate roughly 95 km northeast of Aleppo and 60 km south of Carchemish Also a Uruk site of Jebel Aruda and a Bronze Age site Tell Hadidi Azu are located just across the river SweyhatShown within SyriaLocationSyriaRegionRaqqa GovernorateCoordinates36 16 27 N 38 15 14 E 36 27417 N 38 25389 E 36 27417 38 25389 Contents 1 History 2 Archaeology 3 Notes 4 References 5 See also 6 External linksHistory editSweyhat dates from 3100 1900 BC or the Early Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Middle Bronze Age The site covers approximately 45 hectares and consists of a central high mound standing 15 meters above the surrounding plain and an extensive low mound surrounded by the remains of an earthen rampart In the time of the Ur III Empire at the end of the 2nd millennium BC it was destroyed by fire and abandoned until the Hellenistic Period 1 The site is located within Mesopotamia in a very marginal environment for agriculture yet in antiquity it was a prosperous city 2 Archaeology editSweyhat is best known for its intact fortifications of the mid to late 3rd millennium BC and its late 3rd millennium temple located at the summit of the high mound In 1993 the Penn excavators discovered a large cemetery of shaft and chamber tombs in the Low Mound dating to the mid 3rd millennium BC Sweyhat is a classic example of a Kranzhugel German crown mound a form of ruin mound typical of the Bronze Age in northwestern Mesopotamia consists of a high mound surrounded by a lower ring mound Sweyhat was excavated by Thomas Holland for the Ashmolean Museum Oxford University in 1973 75 3 4 These excavations were part of the Tabqa Dam Salvage Project initiated to save sites threatened by the formation of the impound lake Lake Assad behind a hydroelectric dam on the Euphrates River near the town of Tabqa These excavations were renewed by Holland from the Oriental Institute of Chicago and Richard L Zettler from the University of Pennsylvania Museum in 1989 This joint project excavated the site in 1989 and 1991 The Oriental Institute excavated again in 1992 and then halted operations at the site 5 Zettler carried out field seasons for the UPM in 1993 1995 1998 2000 2001 2005 and 2007 The project which ended in 2010 was directed by Michael D Danti of Boston University s Department of Archaeology 6 7 Among their finds were three Early Bronze Age tombs one of which had not been robbed 8 Tell Hajji Ibrahim is another important Uruk site in the area 9 10 Notes edit Astour Michael C A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla Part 2 Eblaitica Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language Volume 4 edited by Cyrus H Gordon and Gary A Rendsburg University Park USA Penn State University Press pp 57 196 2002 Peter M M G Akkermans Glenn M Schwartz The Archaeology of Syria From Complex Hunter Gatherers to Early Urban Societies c 16 000 300 BC Cambridge University Press 2004 ISBN 0 521 79666 0 Thomas A Holland Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tell es Sweyhat Syria 1973 74 Levant vol 8 pp 36 70 1976 Thomas A Holland Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tell es Sweyhat Syria 1975 Levant vol 9 pp 36 65 1977 Thomas A Holland Tall as Swehat Archiv fur Orientforschung vol 40 41 pp 275 85 1993 1994 1 M Danti The Tell es Sweyhat Archaeological Project 2008 Context vol 20 1 pp 1 5 2008 2 M Danti and R Zettler Excavating an Enigma The Latest Discoveries from Tell es Sweyhat Expedition vol 44 1 pp 36 45 2002 3 Richard L Zettler A Bronze Age Cemetery Under a Barley Field The Pennsylvania Gazette Feb 1997 4 D Danti Michael The Tell es Sweyhat Regional Archaeological Project Expedition Magazine vol 38 1 Penn Museum 1996 5 Miller N F Sweyhat and Hajji Ibrahim Some Archaebotanical Samples From the 1991 and 1993 Seasons MASCA ResearchPapers in Science and Archaeology vol 14 pp 95 122 1997References editHolland Thomas A 1975 An Inscribed Weight from Tell Sweyhat Syria Iraq 37 75 76 Zettler Richard L ed 1997 Subsistence and Settlement in a Marginal Environment Tell es Sweyhat 1989 1995 Preliminary Report MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 14 Philadelphia Museum Applied Sciences Center for Archaeology ISBN 1 931707 08 1 Danti Michael D and Richard L Zettler 1998 The Evolution of the Tell es Sweyhat Syria Settlement System in the Third Millennium B C In Michel Fortin and Olivier Aurenche eds Espace Naturel Espace Habite en Syrie du Nord 10e 2e millenaires av J C Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Bulletin 33 Travaux de la Maison de l Orient 28 Quebec Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Lyon Maison de l Orient Mediterraneen pp 209 28 6 Tony J Wilkinson Tell es Sweyhat Volume 1 On the Margin of the Euphrates Settlement and Land Use at Tell es Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad Area Syria Oriental Institute Publications 124 2004 ISBN 1 885923 29 5 7 Holland Thomas A 2006 Excavations at Tell es Sweyhat Syria Volume 2 Archaeology of the Bronze Age Hellenistic and Roman Remains at an Ancient Town on the Euphrates River Oriental Institute Publications 125 Chicago Oriental Institute ISBN 1 885923 33 3 Danti Michael D and Richard L Zettler 2006 The Early Bronze Age in the Upper Euphrates River Valley and Northwest Jezireh Syria In Edgar Peltenburg ed Euphrates River Valley Settlement The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC Levant Supplementary Series 5 Oxford Council for British Research in the Levant Oxbow Books pp 164 83 Danti Michael D 2010 Late Middle Holocene Climate and Northern Mesopotamia In A Bruce Mainwaring Robert Giegengack and Claudio Vita Finzi eds Climate Crises in Human History American Philosophical Society Transactions pp 139 172 8 Cho Frank Il Hwan Monumental Structures and Urbanism Tell Es Sweyhat in the Early Third Millennium B C E 2001 Anthropology Senior Theses Paper 21 University of PennsylvaniaSee also editCities of the Ancient Near EastExternal links editThe Tell Es Sweyhat Expedition Page Oriental Institute Status of Raqqa Museum where many site artifacts were stored Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sweyhat amp oldid 1159668937, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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