Stroke center

Stroke centers are medical centers having health professionals specially trained in emergency stroke care.^[1] They are considered preferred first responders in the diagnosis and treatment of strokes. Certifying authorities recognize four levels of certification, highest to lowest,^[2] as follow:

• comprehensive stroke center
• thrombectomy-capable stroke center
• primary stroke center
• acute stroke-ready hospital

Stroke Center

System	Stroke certification
Focus	Stroke triage, health care efficiency, improved outcomes
Significant diseases	stroke
Specialist	First responder

The Stroke Center Certification Program was developed by The Joint Commission in collaboration with the American Heart Association^[2] and the American Stroke Association. These organizations offer guidance for the development of state-level policy standards in stroke care, including the designation of qualified facilities.

In order to be recognized as a stroke center, a medical center must meet national guidelines for specialized medical care as recommended by a certifying authority. A facility must either obtain certification by training or by being recognized by a certification or accreditation authority for its existing level of skilled care.^[3] Certifying authorities include DNV GL Healthcare;^[4] Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP), now a division of Accreditation Commission for Health Care (ACHC); or The Joint Commission (TJC). In some states a state health department or medical board may be the certifying authority. For example, in New York, centers are designated by the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH).^[5][6]

Pre-admission triage by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) technicians dictate the level of stroke center to which a stroke patient will be routed; considerations include severity of the symptoms, evaluation of the level of medical care that may be needed, and the relative distance of various certified stroke centers in the vicinity of each medical event.^[7][8] Upon patient arrival, the qualified medical center should follow recommended protocols for stroke triage, developed by the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association.^[9] These include specified, time-sensitive medical care at exact intervals between ten minutes and one hour, starting at the time of arrival at the hospital's emergency department.^[9] Typically, medical interventions are timed using a stopwatch, while a qualified member of the stroke team announces each interval.^[10]

Adherence to this critical one-hour time scale recognizes that speedy care creates a better chance of recovery.^[1] Nursing Management says, "Research has shown that early evaluation and treatment are directly linked to reduced motor and cognitive deficits, as well as lower mortality."^[11] Protocols generally include physical examination, obtaining a summary of the patient's medical history, cursory physical coordination and speech tests, blood tests, CT scans^[12] or MRI, scan evaluation, and recommended treatment (such as administering blood-thinners, thrombolysis,^[12] or preparation for surgery).

Comprehensive stroke center

Comprehensive Stroke Centers must meet the requirements of all lower tiers of certification. In addition, at this level, the acute stroke team^[13] must include "personnel trained in vascular neurology, neurosurgery and endovascular procedures."^[14] These skilled personnel should be on staff or on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Stroke Awareness Foundation (SAF) states that these centers must be able to perform "advanced imaging techniques, including MRI/MRA, CTA, DSA and TCD."^[14]

For Comprehensive Stroke Centers, readiness to receive complex stroke cases is crucial. According to SAF, these centers should have "24/7 availability of personnel, imaging, operating room and endovascular facilities",^[14] as well as "ICU/neuroscience ICU facilities and capabilities."^[14] Further, it says, the comprehensive center must show "expertise treating patients with large ischemic strokes, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage."^[14] The center must serve a sufficient number of stroke patients to prove experience and must maintain an adequate number of dedicated beds in intensive care units. Typically these advanced-care facilities are found in metropolitan areas.

Thrombectomy-capable stroke center

In addition to the certification requirements designated for the Acute Stroke-Ready Hospital (ASRH) and the Primary Stroke Center (PSC), a Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Center (TCSC) must be able to perform a surgical thrombectomy. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, this procedure is sometimes necessary "to remove a blood clot from inside an artery or vein."^[15] Smaller clots may be removed using blood thinners,^[15] which may be done at a lower-tiered stroke facility.^[1] The capability of performing the surgery and followup care is what distinguishes the TCSC from the lower-tiered PSC. Whenever possible, a patient's potential as a candidate for this procedure should be identified by EMS technicians during the initial, pre-admission triage, so that the patient may be taken to a center of this surgical-skill level. The TCSC is a second-level stroke center, less skilled than the top-level Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) for more complex stroke cases needing advanced or long-term-care.^{[citation needed]}

Primary stroke center

Of the four levels of stroke centers recognized by certifying authorities, the Primary Stroke Center (PSC) is at Level 2, ranking lower than Comprehensive Stroke Centers and Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Centers, but ahead of Acute Stroke-Ready Hospitals.^[16]

The Joint Commission defines a Primary Stroke Center as follows: "This program is designed for hospitals providing the critical elements to achieve long-term success in improving outcomes for stroke patients."^[16] Primary stroke centers have "acute stroke teams"^[13] as recommended by the Brain Attack Coalition. The centers should have a certain number of dedicated beds in intensive care. They may have access to or be more likely to use special processes and medications for diagnosing and treating strokes than acute stroke centers.^[12] After the initial emergency treatment for patient stabilization and evaluation, centers may recommend transport to a comprehensive stroke center for further treatment by qualified stroke specialists or long-term stroke care.^[12][11] In a study of one state's program (Georgia), researchers found that "Primary stroke centers (PSCs) are associated with greater rates of tissue plasminogen activator use and improved outcomes."^[17]

The United States has over a thousand primary stroke centers. Stroke Awareness Foundation mentions that 49 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico, have stroke centers which meet this level of certification.^[14] "A Summary of Primary Stroke Center Policy in the United States," released in 2011 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, places the number of states having certified PSCs at fifty, plus the District of Columbia (as of 2009).^[18] Primary Stroke Centers typically serve patients who do not need thrombectomy or patients in underserved rural communities where higher-level stroke centers are more than ninety minutes away.

The CDC's 2011 Summary addresses public policy regarding Primary Stroke Centers. It lists thirty-one states and the District of Columbia as having no policy.^[19] The other states, it says, have either enacted some type of policy (legislative or administrative) or, by 2010, had legislation pending.^[20] Those which had enacted legislation by July 2010 were: "Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, and Washington."^[21]

Acute stroke-ready hospital

An acute stroke-ready hospital (ASRH) is at level 4, the lowest skill level for hospitals designated as stroke centers. To meet this certification, it is required to have "a dedicated stroke-focused program."^[22] It must be able to provide basic stroke triage, acute emergency services, and other basic services, as well as coordinating with other stroke facilities for advanced stroke care.

See also

• List of stroke centers in the United States

References

1. . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2021. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021 – via Wayback.
2. "Healthcare Certification". American Heart Association. 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021. The American Heart Association with the Joint Commission collaborate to provide hospitals Acute Stroke Ready Certification, Primary Stroke Certification, Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Certification, and Comprehensive Stroke Certification to qualifying hospitals.
3. (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2011. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
4. . DNV GL Healthcare. 2019. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2021 – via Wayback Machine.
5. "New York State Stroke Designation Program". New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH). New York State Department of Health. 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
6. "NYSDOH Stroke Designated Centers". New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH). New York State Department of Health. 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
7. Nguyen, T. Truc My; van den Wijngaard, Ido R.; Bosch, Jan; van Belle, Eduard; van Zwet, Erik W.; Dofferhoff-Vermeulen, Tamara; Duijndam, Dion; Koster, Gaia T.; de Schryver, Els L. L. M.; Kloos, Loet M. H.; de Laat, Karlijn F.; Aerden, Leo A. M.; Zylicz, Stas A.; Wermer, Marieke J. H.; Kruyt, Nyika D. (2021-02-01). "Comparison of Prehospital Scales for Predicting Large Anterior Vessel Occlusion in the Ambulance Setting". JAMA Neurology. 78 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4418. hdl:1887/3182694. ISSN 2168-6149.
8. Xu, Yaqian; Parikh, Neal S.; Jiao, Boshen; Willey, Joshua Z.; Boehme, Amelia K.; Elkind, Mitchell S.V. (April 2019). "Decision Analysis Model for Prehospital Triage of Patients With Acute Stroke". Stroke. 50 (4): 970–977. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023272. ISSN 0039-2499. PMC 6435279. PMID 30908159.
9. Powers, William J.; Rabinstein, Alejandro A.; Ackerson, Teri; Adeoye, Opeolu M.; Bambakidis, Nicholas C.; Becker, Kyra; Biller, José; Brown, Michael; Demaerschalk, Bart M.; Hoh, Brian; Jauch, Edward C.; Kidwell, Chelsea S.; Leslie-Mazwi, Thabele M.; Ovbiagele, Bruce; Scott, Phillip A. (December 2019). "Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association". Stroke. 50 (12): e344–e418. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000211. ISSN 1524-4628. PMID 31662037.
10. Fousse, Mathias; Grün, Daniel; Helwig, Stefan A.; Walter, Silke; Bekhit, Adam; Wagenpfeil, Stefan; Lesmeister, Martin; Kettner, Michael; Roumia, Safwan; Mühl-Benninghaus, Ruben; Simgen, Andreas; Yilmaz, Umut; Ruckes, Christian; Kronfeld, Kai; Bachhuber, Monika (October 2020). "Effects of a Feedback-Demanding Stroke Clock on Acute Stroke Management: A Randomized Study". Stroke. 51 (10): 2895–2900. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029222. ISSN 0039-2499.
11. Davis, Charlotte; Lockhart, Lisa (February 2016). . Nursing Management (Springhouse). 47 (2): 24–33. doi:10.1097/01.NUMA.0000479442.68020.46. PMID 26771272. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
12. Campbell, Bruce C.V. (2020). "Optimal Imaging at the Primary Stroke Center". Stroke. 51 (7) (published June 17, 2020): 1932–40. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026734. PMID 32568641.
13. Alberts, Mark J (August 2011). "Practice Guideline: Revised and updated recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers: a summary statement from the brain attack coalition". Stroke. 42 (9) (published September 2011): 2651–65. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615336. PMID 21868727.
14. Stroke Awareness Foundation: Primary vs. Comprehensive Stroke Center
15. . Johns Hopkins Medicine. The Johns Hopkins University (The Johns Hopkins Hospital/Johns Hopkins Health System). 2021. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021 – via Wayback Machine.
16. "Primary Stroke Center Certification". Joint Commission. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
17. Switzer, Jeffrey A; A Akinwuntan; J Waller; FT Nichols; DC Hess; A Bruno (February 23, 2012). "Impact of primary stroke center certification on location of acute ischemic stroke care in Georgia". Stroke. 43 (5) (published May 2012): 1415–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.648378. PMID 22363063.
18. "A Summary of Primary Stroke Center Policy in the United States" 2011, p. 4.
19. "A Summary of Primary Stroke Center Policy in the United States" 2011, p. 7.
20. "A Summary of Primary Stroke Center Policy in the United States" 2011, pp. 5-6.
21. "A Summary of Primary Stroke Center Policy in the United States" 2011, p. 6.
22. Ohio Department of Health