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Steven A. LeBlanc

Steven A. LeBlanc (born 1943) is an American archaeologist and former director of collections at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University's Peabody Museum.[1]

Steven A. LeBlanc in his office

He is the author a number of books about Southwest archeology and prehistoric warfare. His books have run counter to the once widespread notion of peaceful preliterate cultures.[1] However, he continues that tradition in asserting that all preliterate cultures were similar, with the same cultural responses to being stressed.

The primary cause of war, as LeBlanc sees it, is ecological imbalance; humans compete for finite amounts of food when population outstrips supply or when the land becomes overgrazed and deforested. Conflict flash points-the Middle East and the Balkans, for instance-have a "long history of ecological stress and degradation."

LeBlanc argues that ecological balance was rarely the norm, even in pockets of paradise. One might expect, for example, that the inhabitants of Tikopia, a remote island in the South Pacific, would make fine stewards of their natural environs. But even they repeated the historical theme: "A few people occupy the...land, they exterminate many species, they heavily modify the landscape, and their numbers grow. They never remain in anything approaching ecological balance."

And the impulse to conduct warfare goes all the way back to our primate precursors. "Our closest ape relatives," he says, have always engaged in ferocious acts of warfare, chillingly reminiscent of human conflict (as Jane Goodall observed among chimpanzees in the jungles of Tanzania in the 1960s).

As humans evolved, violence was the norm; the "fantasy," as LeBlanc characterizes it, of the noble savage, is a distinctly modern invention (first advanced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his followers in the 18th century). Skeletal remains of humans from sites all over the world reflect horrific violence. At burial locations of the ancient Aborigines of Australia-hunter-gatherers with no permanent settlements-we find "evidence of violent deaths and even massacres, and specialized weapons useful only for warfare."

The replacement of foraging by farming, a development that occurred sometime around 10,000 B.C. in what is now, ironically enough, Iraq, placed a great many stresses on the environment. As populations began to rise, natural resources were increasingly exploited. Thus warfare, in the age of emergent agriculture, "became more common and deadly than forager warfare."

Though LeBlanc's arguments are inevitably grounded in pessimism, he does not believe that humans are genetically precluded from peaceful coexistence. "As long as resource scarcities continue in many parts of the world," he writes, "I expect conflict based on competition over resources to continue, even if it is sometimes disguised as ideological. This does not doom us to a future of war any more than our past dooms us to a future of heart attacks." But "if we do not strive to understand what we have done in the past and why," he says, "it will only make it harder to get it right in the future."

[2]

Azar Gat expresses similar arguments in the first chapters of War in Human Civilization (Oxford UP, 2006).[3]

Criticism edit

Some scholars have disputed the claim that all primitive peoples in the American Southwest were warlike. The archaeologists Paul and Suzanne Fish have concluded that there is minimal evidence of conflict in the Hohokam regions.[4] Todd Bostwick has argued that the hilltop sites most likely had religious or astronomical rather than military purposes.[5] Ann Hibner Koblitz, a historian and professor of gender studies, surveyed the work of LeBlanc and his followers, and wrote:[6]

Whether this warlike image has much bearing on the actual lives and pursuits of indigenous Southwest populations of the 11th through 15th centuries is, however, open to doubt.

In a section of Koblitz's article titled "Looking-Glass Logic," she criticizes two arguments that LeBlanc and others have advanced. First, she writes that "it is illogical to assume, as LeBLanc and his followers do, that the existence of an unpopulated or sparsely populated area between two population centers necessarily proves that those two populations were ever at war." She points out that there is a depopulated region between Phoenix and Tucson today, yet the two cities "are not now nor have they ever been at war."[6] Second, she writes that "just because trade disputes can sometimes be a cause of war, it does not follow that evidence of complicated trade patterns means that war must have been a common occurrence."[6]

Publications edit

  • Explanation in Archeology, with Patty Jo Watson and Charles L. Redman. Columbia University Press. 1971. Translated into Spanish as En Metodo cientifico en arqueologia 1974. Alianza Universidad Press, Madrid.
  • An Archeological Synthesis of South Central and Southwestern New Mexico, with Michael E. Whalen and contributions by R. Anyon, P.A. Gilman, P.E. Minnis, D. Rugge and M. Nelson. Office of Contract Archaeology. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 1979
  • Vandalism of Cultural Resources: The Growing Threat to Our Nation's Heritage, with Dee F. Green (eds.) Cultural Resource Report No. 28, U.S.F.S. Southwestern Region, Albuquerque. 1979
  • The Mimbres People: Ancient Painters of the American Southwest. Thames and Hudson. London, New York. 1983
  • Mimbres Pottery: Ancient Art of the American Southwest, with J.J. Brody and Catherine J. Scott. Hudson Hills Press, New York. 1983
  • The Galaz Ruin: A prehistoric Mimbres village in Southwestern New Mexico, with Roger Anyon. Contributions by Paul Minnis, James Lancaster and Margaret C. Nelson. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1984
  • Archeological Explanation, with Patty Jo Watson and Charles Redman. Columbia University Press, New York. 1984
  • Short-Term Sedentism in the American Southwest: The Mimbres Valley Salado, with Ben A. Nelson. Contributions by James W. Lancaster, Paul E. Minnis, and Margaret C. Nelson. The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1986
  • Girikihaciyan: A Halaf site in Southeastern Turkey, with Patty J. Watson. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. 1990
  • Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. 1999
  • "Early Pithouse Villages of the Mimbres Valley and Beyond: The McAnally and Thompson Sites in their Cultural and Ecological Contexts, with Michael W. Diehl", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 83. Harvard University. 2001
  • Deadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare. editor with Glen Rice. University of Utah Press. 2001
  • Constant Battles: The Myth of the Peaceful, Noble Savage with Katherine E. Register. St. Martin’s Press. New York. 2003. Translated into Estonian as: Lakkamatud taplused: Müüt Rahumeelsest ja õilsast metslasest. Olion: Tallinn 2004.
  • Painted by a Distant Hand: Mimbres Pottery from the American Southwest, Peabody Museum Collection Series, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. 2004
  • Symbols in Clay: Seeking Artists’ Identities in Hopi Yellow Ware Bowls with Lucia Henderson", Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 84. Harvard University. 2009

References edit

  1. ^ a b . Washington State University. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
  2. ^ Bose, Sudip. "Constant Battles: the Myth of the Peaceful, Noble Savage.(Book Review)." Smithsonian. 2003.
  3. ^ Gat, Azar (2006-10-12). War in Human Civilization. ISBN 9780199262137.
  4. ^ Paul R. Fish and Suzanne K. Fish, "Hohokam warfare from a regional perspective," in Diana Claire Tkaczuk and Brian C. Vivian, eds., Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives, Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, 1989, p. 112-129.
  5. ^ Todd W. Bostwick, "Look to the sky: Another view of hilltop sites in central Arizona," in John R. Welch and Todd W. Bostwick, eds., The Archaeology of Ancient Tactical Sites, Arizona Archaeological Council, 2001, p. 37-53.
  6. ^ a b c Ann Hibner Koblitz, "Warriors, campfires, and a big stick: Modern male fantasies of Hohokam militarism," Old Pueblo Archaeology, No. 53 (June 2008), p. 2-5.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Steven A. LeBlanc at Wikimedia Commons

steven, leblanc, this, article, needs, editing, comply, with, wikipedia, manual, style, please, help, improve, content, march, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, message, born, 1943, american, archaeologist, former, director, collections, peabody, museum, archae. This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia s Manual of Style Please help improve the content March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Steven A LeBlanc born 1943 is an American archaeologist and former director of collections at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University s Peabody Museum 1 Steven A LeBlanc in his office He is the author a number of books about Southwest archeology and prehistoric warfare His books have run counter to the once widespread notion of peaceful preliterate cultures 1 However he continues that tradition in asserting that all preliterate cultures were similar with the same cultural responses to being stressed The primary cause of war as LeBlanc sees it is ecological imbalance humans compete for finite amounts of food when population outstrips supply or when the land becomes overgrazed and deforested Conflict flash points the Middle East and the Balkans for instance have a long history of ecological stress and degradation LeBlanc argues that ecological balance was rarely the norm even in pockets of paradise One might expect for example that the inhabitants of Tikopia a remote island in the South Pacific would make fine stewards of their natural environs But even they repeated the historical theme A few people occupy the land they exterminate many species they heavily modify the landscape and their numbers grow They never remain in anything approaching ecological balance And the impulse to conduct warfare goes all the way back to our primate precursors Our closest ape relatives he says have always engaged in ferocious acts of warfare chillingly reminiscent of human conflict as Jane Goodall observed among chimpanzees in the jungles of Tanzania in the 1960s As humans evolved violence was the norm the fantasy as LeBlanc characterizes it of the noble savage is a distinctly modern invention first advanced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his followers in the 18th century Skeletal remains of humans from sites all over the world reflect horrific violence At burial locations of the ancient Aborigines of Australia hunter gatherers with no permanent settlements we find evidence of violent deaths and even massacres and specialized weapons useful only for warfare The replacement of foraging by farming a development that occurred sometime around 10 000 B C in what is now ironically enough Iraq placed a great many stresses on the environment As populations began to rise natural resources were increasingly exploited Thus warfare in the age of emergent agriculture became more common and deadly than forager warfare Though LeBlanc s arguments are inevitably grounded in pessimism he does not believe that humans are genetically precluded from peaceful coexistence As long as resource scarcities continue in many parts of the world he writes I expect conflict based on competition over resources to continue even if it is sometimes disguised as ideological This does not doom us to a future of war any more than our past dooms us to a future of heart attacks But if we do not strive to understand what we have done in the past and why he says it will only make it harder to get it right in the future 2 Azar Gat expresses similar arguments in the first chapters of War in Human Civilization Oxford UP 2006 3 Contents 1 Criticism 2 Publications 3 References 4 External linksCriticism editSome scholars have disputed the claim that all primitive peoples in the American Southwest were warlike The archaeologists Paul and Suzanne Fish have concluded that there is minimal evidence of conflict in the Hohokam regions 4 Todd Bostwick has argued that the hilltop sites most likely had religious or astronomical rather than military purposes 5 Ann Hibner Koblitz a historian and professor of gender studies surveyed the work of LeBlanc and his followers and wrote 6 Whether this warlike image has much bearing on the actual lives and pursuits of indigenous Southwest populations of the 11th through 15th centuries is however open to doubt In a section of Koblitz s article titled Looking Glass Logic she criticizes two arguments that LeBlanc and others have advanced First she writes that it is illogical to assume as LeBLanc and his followers do that the existence of an unpopulated or sparsely populated area between two population centers necessarily proves that those two populations were ever at war She points out that there is a depopulated region between Phoenix and Tucson today yet the two cities are not now nor have they ever been at war 6 Second she writes that just because trade disputes can sometimes be a cause of war it does not follow that evidence of complicated trade patterns means that war must have been a common occurrence 6 Publications editExplanation in Archeology with Patty Jo Watson and Charles L Redman Columbia University Press 1971 Translated into Spanish as En Metodo cientifico en arqueologia 1974 Alianza Universidad Press Madrid An Archeological Synthesis of South Central and Southwestern New Mexico with Michael E Whalen and contributions by R Anyon P A Gilman P E Minnis D Rugge and M Nelson Office of Contract Archaeology University of New Mexico Albuquerque 1979 Vandalism of Cultural Resources The Growing Threat to Our Nation s Heritage with Dee F Green eds Cultural Resource Report No 28 U S F S Southwestern Region Albuquerque 1979 The Mimbres People Ancient Painters of the American Southwest Thames and Hudson London New York 1983 Mimbres Pottery Ancient Art of the American Southwest with J J Brody and Catherine J Scott Hudson Hills Press New York 1983 The Galaz Ruin A prehistoric Mimbres village in Southwestern New Mexico with Roger Anyon Contributions by Paul Minnis James Lancaster and Margaret C Nelson University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque 1984 Archeological Explanation with Patty Jo Watson and Charles Redman Columbia University Press New York 1984 Short Term Sedentism in the American Southwest The Mimbres Valley Salado with Ben A Nelson Contributions by James W Lancaster Paul E Minnis and Margaret C Nelson The University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque 1986 Girikihaciyan A Halaf site in Southeastern Turkey with Patty J Watson Institute of Archaeology University of California Los Angeles 1990 Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest University of Utah Press Salt Lake City 1999 Early Pithouse Villages of the Mimbres Valley and Beyond The McAnally and Thompson Sites in their Cultural and Ecological Contexts with Michael W Diehl Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol 83 Harvard University 2001 Deadly Landscapes Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare editor with Glen Rice University of Utah Press 2001 Constant Battles The Myth of the Peaceful Noble Savage with Katherine E Register St Martin s Press New York 2003 Translated into Estonian as Lakkamatud taplused Muut Rahumeelsest ja oilsast metslasest Olion Tallinn 2004 Painted by a Distant Hand Mimbres Pottery from the American Southwest Peabody Museum Collection Series Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University 2004 Symbols in Clay Seeking Artists Identities in Hopi Yellow Ware Bowls with Lucia Henderson Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol 84 Harvard University 2009References edit a b Village Ecodynamics Project Role Research Associate Washington State University Archived from the original on July 20 2011 Bose Sudip Constant Battles the Myth of the Peaceful Noble Savage Book Review Smithsonian 2003 Gat Azar 2006 10 12 War in Human Civilization ISBN 9780199262137 Paul R Fish and Suzanne K Fish Hohokam warfare from a regional perspective in Diana Claire Tkaczuk and Brian C Vivian eds Cultures in Conflict Current Archaeological Perspectives Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary 1989 p 112 129 Todd W Bostwick Look to the sky Another view of hilltop sites in central Arizona in John R Welch and Todd W Bostwick eds The Archaeology of Ancient Tactical Sites Arizona Archaeological Council 2001 p 37 53 a b c Ann Hibner Koblitz Warriors campfires and a big stick Modern male fantasies of Hohokam militarism Old Pueblo Archaeology No 53 June 2008 p 2 5 External links edit nbsp Media related to Steven A LeBlanc at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Steven A LeBlanc amp oldid 1121446758, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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