Sterility is the physiological inability to effect sexual reproduction in a living thing, members of whose kind have been produced sexually. Sterility has a wide range of causes. It may be an inherited trait, as in the mule; or it may be acquired from the environment, for example through physical injury or disease, or by exposure to radiation.
Sterility is the inability to produce a biological child, while infertility is the inability to conceive after a certain period.[1] Sterility is rarely discussed in clinical literature and is often used synonymously with infertility. Infertility affects about 12-15% of couples globally.[2] Still, the prevalence of sterility remains unknown. Sterility can be divided into three subtypes natural, clinical, and hardship.[1] Natural sterility is the couple's physiological inability to conceive a child naturally. Clinical sterility is natural sterility for which treatment of the patient will not result in conception. Hardship sterility is the inability to take advantage of available treatments due to extraneous factors such as economic, psychological, or physical factors. Clinical sterility is a subtype of natural sterility, and Hardship sterility is a subtype of Clinical sterility.
Hybrid sterility can be caused by different closely related species breeding and producing offspring. These animals are usually sterile due to the different numbers of chromosomes between the two parents. The imbalance results in offspring that is viable but not fertile, as is the case with the mule.
Sterility can also be caused by selective breeding, where a selected trait is closely linked to genes involved in sex determination or fertility. For example, goats breed to be polled (hornless). This results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile.[3]
Sterility can also be caused by chromosomal differences within an individual. These individuals tend to be known as genetic mosaics. Loss of part of a chromosome can also cause sterility due to nondisjunction.
XX male syndrome is another cause of sterility, wherein the sexual determining factor on the Y chromosome (SRY) is transferred to the X chromosome due to an unequal crossing over. This gene triggers the development of testes, causing the individual to be phenotypically male but genotypically female.
Economic uses of sterilityedit
Economic uses of sterility include:
The production of certain kinds of seedless fruit, such as seedless tomato[4] or watermelon (though sterility is not the only available route to fruit seedlessness);
Biological control; for example, trap-neuter-return programs for cats; and the sterile insect technique, in which large numbers of sterile insects are released, which compete with fertile insects for food and mates, thus reducing the population size of subsequent generations, which can be used to fight diseases spread by insect vectors such as malaria in mosquitoes.
Some animals which can produce sterile hybrid offspring because of mating with closely related species like mule, hinny, liger and tigon.
^ ab Royfman R, Shah TA, Sindhwani P, Nadiminty N, Avidor-Reiss T (2020). "Sterility, an Overlooked Health Condition". Women. 1 (1): 29–45. doi:10.3390/women1010003. ISSN 2673-4184.
^ Pandruvada S, Royfman R, Shah TA, Sindhwani P, Dupree JM, Schon S, Avidor-Reiss T (February 2021). "Lack of trusted diagnostic tools for undetermined male infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 38 (2): 265–276. doi:10.1007/s10815-020-02037-5. PMC7884538. PMID 33389378.
^. Read facts about... Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^Kozik EU, Nowakowska M, Staniaszek M, Dyki B, Stepowska A, Nowicki M (December 2013). "More than meets the eye: A multi-year expressivity analysis of tomato sterility in ps and ps-2 lines" (PDF). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 7 (13): 2154–2161.
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sterility, physiology, sterility, physiological, inability, effect, sexual, reproduction, living, thing, members, whose, kind, have, been, produced, sexually, sterility, wide, range, causes, inherited, trait, mule, acquired, from, environment, example, through. Sterility is the physiological inability to effect sexual reproduction in a living thing members of whose kind have been produced sexually Sterility has a wide range of causes It may be an inherited trait as in the mule or it may be acquired from the environment for example through physical injury or disease or by exposure to radiation Sterility is the inability to produce a biological child while infertility is the inability to conceive after a certain period 1 Sterility is rarely discussed in clinical literature and is often used synonymously with infertility Infertility affects about 12 15 of couples globally 2 Still the prevalence of sterility remains unknown Sterility can be divided into three subtypes natural clinical and hardship 1 Natural sterility is the couple s physiological inability to conceive a child naturally Clinical sterility is natural sterility for which treatment of the patient will not result in conception Hardship sterility is the inability to take advantage of available treatments due to extraneous factors such as economic psychological or physical factors Clinical sterility is a subtype of natural sterility and Hardship sterility is a subtype of Clinical sterility Contents 1 Mechanisms of sterility 2 Economic uses of sterility 3 See also 4 ReferencesMechanisms of sterility editHybrid sterility can be caused by different closely related species breeding and producing offspring These animals are usually sterile due to the different numbers of chromosomes between the two parents The imbalance results in offspring that is viable but not fertile as is the case with the mule Sterility can also be caused by selective breeding where a selected trait is closely linked to genes involved in sex determination or fertility For example goats breed to be polled hornless This results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring which are typically sterile 3 Sterility can also be caused by chromosomal differences within an individual These individuals tend to be known as genetic mosaics Loss of part of a chromosome can also cause sterility due to nondisjunction XX male syndrome is another cause of sterility wherein the sexual determining factor on the Y chromosome SRY is transferred to the X chromosome due to an unequal crossing over This gene triggers the development of testes causing the individual to be phenotypically male but genotypically female Economic uses of sterility editEconomic uses of sterility include The production of certain kinds of seedless fruit such as seedless tomato 4 or watermelon though sterility is not the only available route to fruit seedlessness Terminator technology methods for restricting the use of genetically modified plants by causing second generation seeds to be sterile Biological control for example trap neuter return programs for cats and the sterile insect technique in which large numbers of sterile insects are released which compete with fertile insects for food and mates thus reducing the population size of subsequent generations which can be used to fight diseases spread by insect vectors such as malaria in mosquitoes Some animals which can produce sterile hybrid offspring because of mating with closely related species like mule hinny liger and tigon See also editMale infertilityReferences edit a b Royfman R Shah TA Sindhwani P Nadiminty N Avidor Reiss T 2020 Sterility an Overlooked Health Condition Women 1 1 29 45 doi 10 3390 women1010003 ISSN 2673 4184 Pandruvada S Royfman R Shah TA Sindhwani P Dupree JM Schon S Avidor Reiss T February 2021 Lack of trusted diagnostic tools for undetermined male infertility Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 38 2 265 276 doi 10 1007 s10815 020 02037 5 PMC 7884538 PMID 33389378 Domestic goat Read facts about Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 30 May 2014 Kozik EU Nowakowska M Staniaszek M Dyki B Stepowska A Nowicki M December 2013 More than meets the eye A multi year expressivity analysis of tomato sterility in ps and ps 2 lines PDF Australian Journal of Crop Science 7 13 2154 2161 nbsp This genetics article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sterility physiology amp oldid 1183961921, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
