Exploratory data analysis (EDA) relies heavily on such techniques. They can also provide insight into a data set to help with testing assumptions, model selection and regression model validation, estimator selection, relationship identification, factor effect determination, and outlier detection. In addition, the choice of appropriate statistical graphics can provide a convincing means of communicating the underlying message that is present in the data to others.[1]
Graphical statistical methods have four objectives:[2]
The exploration of the content of a data set
The use to find structure in data
Checking assumptions in statistical models
Communicate the results of an analysis.
If one is not using statistical graphics, then one is forfeiting insight into one or more aspects of the underlying structure of the data.
History
Statistical graphics have been central to the development of science and date to the earliest attempts to analyse data. Many familiar forms, including bivariate plots, statistical maps, bar charts, and coordinate paper were used in the 18th century. Statistical graphics developed through attention to four problems:[3]
Spatial organization in the 17th and 18th century
Discrete comparison in the 18th and early 19th century
Continuous distribution in the 19th century and
Multivariate distribution and correlation in the late 19th and 20th century.
Since the 1970s statistical graphics have been re-emerging as an important analytic tool with the revitalisation of computer graphics and related technologies.[3]
Examples
William Playfair's trade-balance time-series chart, published in his Commercial and Political Atlas, 1786
William Playfair who produced what could be called the first line, bar, pie, and area charts. For example, in 1786 he published the well known diagram that depicts the evolution of England's imports and exports,[4]
Florence Nightingale, who used statistical graphics to persuade the British Government to improve army hygiene,[5]
John Snow who plotted deaths from cholera in London in 1854 to detect the source of the disease,[6] and
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statistical charts.
Alphabetic gallery of graphical techniques
DataScope a website devoted to data visualization and statistical graphics
January 29, 2023
statistical, graphics, also, known, statistical, graphical, techniques, graphics, used, field, statistics, data, visualization, contents, overview, history, examples, also, references, further, reading, external, linksoverview, editwhereas, statistics, data, a. Statistical graphics also known as statistical graphical techniques are graphics used in the field of statistics for data visualization Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksOverview EditWhereas statistics and data analysis procedures generally yield their output in numeric or tabular form graphical techniques allow such results to be displayed in some sort of pictorial form They include plots such as scatter plots histograms probability plots spaghetti plots residual plots box plots block plots and biplots 1 Exploratory data analysis EDA relies heavily on such techniques They can also provide insight into a data set to help with testing assumptions model selection and regression model validation estimator selection relationship identification factor effect determination and outlier detection In addition the choice of appropriate statistical graphics can provide a convincing means of communicating the underlying message that is present in the data to others 1 Graphical statistical methods have four objectives 2 The exploration of the content of a data set The use to find structure in data Checking assumptions in statistical models Communicate the results of an analysis If one is not using statistical graphics then one is forfeiting insight into one or more aspects of the underlying structure of the data History EditStatistical graphics have been central to the development of science and date to the earliest attempts to analyse data Many familiar forms including bivariate plots statistical maps bar charts and coordinate paper were used in the 18th century Statistical graphics developed through attention to four problems 3 Spatial organization in the 17th and 18th century Discrete comparison in the 18th and early 19th century Continuous distribution in the 19th century and Multivariate distribution and correlation in the late 19th and 20th century Since the 1970s statistical graphics have been re emerging as an important analytic tool with the revitalisation of computer graphics and related technologies 3 Examples Edit William Playfair s trade balance time series chart published in his Commercial and Political Atlas 1786 John Snow s Cholera map in dot style 1854 Famous graphics were designed by William Playfair who produced what could be called the first line bar pie and area charts For example in 1786 he published the well known diagram that depicts the evolution of England s imports and exports 4 Florence Nightingale who used statistical graphics to persuade the British Government to improve army hygiene 5 John Snow who plotted deaths from cholera in London in 1854 to detect the source of the disease 6 and Charles Joseph Minard who designed a large portfolio of maps of which the one depicting Napoleon s campaign in Russia is the best known 7 See the plots page for many more examples of statistical graphics See also EditData Presentation Architecture List of graphical methods Visual inspection Chart List of charting softwareReferences EditCitations a b The Role of Graphics NIST SEMATECH e Handbook of Statistical Methods 2003 2010 Retrieved May 5 2011 Jacoby William G 1997 Statistical Graphics for Univariate and Bivariate Data Statistical Graphics pp 2 4 a b James R Beniger and Dorothy L Robyn 1978 Quantitative graphics in statistics A brief history In The American Statistician 32 pp 1 11 Tufte Edward 1983 The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Cheshire Connecticut Graphics Press ISBN 0961392142 Small Hugh Florence Nightingale s statistical diagrams Crosier Scott John Snow The London Cholera Epidemic of 1854 University of California Santa Barbara Corbett John Charles Joseph Minard Mapping Napoleon s March 1861 Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science Retrieved 21 September 2014 Attribution This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Further reading EditCleveland W S 1993 Visualizing Data Summit NJ USA Hobart Press ISBN 0 9634884 0 6 Cleveland W S 1994 The Elements of Graphing Data Summit NJ USA Hobart Press ISBN 0 9634884 1 4 Lewi Paul J 2006 Speaking of Graphics Tufte Edward R 2001 1983 The Visual Display of Quantitative Information 2nd ed Cheshire CT USA Graphics Press ISBN 0 9613921 4 2 Tufte Edward R 1992 1990 Envisioning Information Cheshire CT USA Graphics Press ISBN 0 9613921 1 8 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statistical charts Trend Compass Alphabetic gallery of graphical techniques DataScope a website devoted to data visualization and statistical graphics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Statistical graphics amp oldid 1098990789, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
