Saint Patrick's Breastplate
Saint Patrick's Breastplate is an Old Irish prayer of protection of the "lorica" type (hence Lorica Sancti Patricii, or "The Lorica of Saint Patrick") attributed to Saint Patrick.
Its title is given as Faeth Fiada in the 11th-century Liber Hymnorum that records the text. This has been interpreted as the "Deer's Cry" by Middle Irish popular etymology, but it is more likely a term for a "spell of concealment".[1] It is also known by its incipit (repeated at the beginning of the first five sections) atomruig indiu, or "I bind unto myself today".
The prayer
The prayer is part of the Liber Hymnorum, an 11th-century collection of hymns found in two manuscripts kept in Dublin.[2] It is also present, in a more fragmentary state, in the 9th-century Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii. It was edited in 1888 (Vita Tripartita), in 1898 (Liber Hymnorum), and again published in 1903 in the Thesaurus Paleohibernicus.
The Liber Hymnorum gives this account of how Saint Patrick used this prayer:
Saint Patrick sang this when an ambush was laid against his coming by Loegaire, that he might not go to Tara to sow the faith. And then it appeared before those lying in ambush that they (Saint Patrick and his monks) were wild deer with a fawn following them.
The description concludes "fáeth fiada a hainm", which was interpreted as "Deer's Cry" by the medieval editor of the Liber Hymnorum (hence the connection to the deer metamorphosis),[3] but the Old Irish fáeth fiada properly refers to a "mist of concealment".[4]
The prayer as recorded is dated on linguistic grounds to the early 8th century.[5]John Colgan (1647) attributed the prayer to Saint Evin, the author of the 9th-century Vita Tripartita. It was also Colgan who reported the title of Lorica Patricii.[a]
Christian in content, it shows pre-Christian influence.[6] Because of this it is also known as the "Lorica of St. Patrick" or as "St. Patrick's Breastplate".
The term Lorica is used of a number of Old Irish prayers, including one attributed to Dallán Forgaill and another to Saint Fursey. They all arose in the context of early Irish monasticism, in the 6th to 8th centuries. It isn't clear when the Latin title of Lorica was first applied to them, but the term is used in the 17th century by John Colgan. The allusion is probably to Ephesians 6:14, where the Apostle bids his readers stand, "having put on the breast-plate of righteousness".[7]
Summary
The first five sections of the prayer or hymn begin atomruig indiu "I bind unto myself today",[b] followed by a list of sources of strength that the prayer calls on for support.
The text is conventionally divided into eleven sections:
- invocation of the Trinity.
- invocation of Christ's baptism, death, resurrection, ascension and future return on the last day.
- invocation of the virtues of angels, patriarchs, saints and martyrs.
- invocation of the virtues of the natural world: the sun, fire, lightning, wind, etc.
- invocation of various aspects of God – his wisdom, his eye, his ear, his hand, etc.
- lists of the things against which protection is required, including false prophets, heathens, heretics, witches and wizards (druids)
- brief invocation of Christ for protection
- repeated invocation of Christ to be ever present (Christ with me, Christ before me, Christ behind me, etc.)
- continuation of the theme of Christ within every man
- repetition of the first verse
- short stanza in Latin (invoking Psalm 3:8, "Salvation is the Lord's")
Text
The text as edited by Stokes 1888, p. 381 is here shown alongside the literal translation due to Todd.[8]
| [Atomruig indíu niurt trén, togairm Trínóite. | 1. I bind to myself to-day, The strong power of the invocation of the Trinity: |
| Atomruig indíu niurt gene Crist conabath]is[c] | 2. I bind to myself to-day, The power of the Incarnation of Christ, with that of his Baptism, |
| Attomriug [indiu] neurt graid hiruphín | 3. I bind to myself to-day, The power of the love of Seraphim, |
| Attomriug [indiu] neurt nime. | 4. I bind to myself to-day, The power of Heaven, |
| Attomriug indiu neurt Dé dom lúamairecht. | 5. I bind to myself to-day, The Power of God to guide me, |
| Tochuiriur etrum indíu inna hule neurtasa fri cech neurt namnus nétrocar | 6. I have set around me all these powers, Against every hostile savage power |
| Crist domimdegail [indiu] ar cech neim ar loscud, | 7. Christ, protect me to-day Against poison, against burning, |
| Crist lim. Crist remam. Crist imm degaid. Crist innum. | 8. Christ with me, Christ before me, Christ behind me, Christ within me, |
| Crist hicride cech duine rodomscrútadar. Crist angin cech duine rodomlabradar. | 9. Christ in the heart of every man who thinks of me, Christ in the mouth of every man who speaks to me, |
| [Atomruig indíu niurt trén, togairm Trínóite. | 10. I bind to myself to-day, The strong power of an invocation of the Trinity, |
| Domini est salus, Domini est salus, | (Salvation is the Lord's Salvation is the Lord's |
Translations and adaptations
John Colgan published a Latin translation in his Acta Triadis Thaumaturgae (1647).
In the early 19th century, Irish scholars George Petrie[9][10] and John O'Donovan misanalyzed the first word atomruig as containing Temur, for Temoria or Tara. This is followed by James Clarence Mangan (1803–1849), whose translation begins "At Tarah to-day, in this awful hour, I call on the Holy Trinity!". The literal translation by Todd 1864 recognized this error and gives the translation "I bind to myself to-day".
In 1889, the prayer was adapted into the hymn I Bind Unto Myself Today by C. F. Alexander. A number of other adaptations have been made.
Several different modern English versions of the prayer can be found. For example, some render the beginning atomruig indiu of each major section more freely as "I clasp unto my heart today" rather than the literal "I bind/join to myself today." Various other trivial variants are found, such as the verse "Against spells of women, and smiths, and druids" as "Against spells of witches and smiths and wizards".
There is another class of free or poetic translations which deviate from the original meaning, e.g. replacing the verse "Christ in the fort, Christ in the chariot seat, and Christ in the poop [deck]" with "Christ when I lie down, Christ when I sit down, Christ when I arise."[11]
Catholic prayer cards which have popularized this prayer feature a truncated version in the interest of space.[12]
Victorian hymn
C. F. Alexander (1818–1895) wrote a hymn based on St. Patrick's Breastplate in 1889 at the request of H. H. Dickinson, Dean of the Chapel Royal at Dublin Castle. Dean Dickinson wrote about this:
I wrote to her suggesting that she should fill a gap in our Irish Church Hymnal by giving us a metrical version of St. Patrick's 'Lorica' and I sent her a carefully collated copy of the best prose translations of it. Within a week she sent me that version which appears in the appendix to our Church Hymnal."[13]
As usual, Alexander wrote the poems only. The music to the hymn was originally set in 1902 by Charles Villiers Stanford for chorus and organ, using two traditional Irish tunes, St. Patrick and Gartan, which Stanford took from his own edition (1895) of George Petrie's Collection of the Ancient Music of Ireland (originally 1855).[14][15] This is known by its opening line "I bind unto myself today". It is currently included in the Lutheran Service Book (Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod), the English Hymnal, the Irish Church Hymnal and The Hymnal (1982) of the US Episcopal Church. It is often sung during the celebration of the Feast of Saint Patrick on or near 17 March as well as on Trinity Sunday. In many churches it is unique among standard hymns because the variations in length and metre of verses mean that at least three melodic forms are required (one tune which is sung at half-length and in full for depending on the verse length, and one entirely different tune).
Musical adaptations
- St. Patrick's Breastplate (tune - Tara) in the Irish Church Hymnal (1890) by Irish composer Thomas Richard Gonsalvez Jozé (1853–1924).
- St. Patrick's Breastplate (tune - St. Patrick, and for verse eight - Gartan) (1902), by Irish composer Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924) – see above. This is the best known arrangement of this hymn.
- St. Patrick's Breastplate (1912), an arrangement by Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924) of his own music to C.F. Alexander's hymn, here for mixed choir, organ, brass, side drum and cymbals.
- St. Patrick's Breastplate (1924), a work for mixed choir and piano by the English composer Arnold Bax (1883–1953).
- Hymn of St. Patrick at Tara (1930), a work for bass soloist, mixed choir and organ by Irish composer Dermot Macmurrough (a.k.a. Harold R. White, 1872–1943) to a poetic interpretation by Olive Meyler.
- St. Patrick's Hymn (1965) by US folk-guitarist John Fahey (1939–2001) on the album "The Transfiguration of Blind Joe Death".
- St. Patrick's Breastplate for SSA voices by English composer Mary Chater (1896-1990).
- Christ Be Beside Me (also Christ Beside Me) and This Day God Gives Me, adaptations by James J. Quinn to the tune of Bunessan, published in his 1969 book New Hymns for All Seasons
- The Deer's Cry (1983) by Irish composer Shaun Davey (born 1948) is based on a translation by Kuno Meyer.[16][17]
- Arise Today (1995) for choir and organ by US composer Libby Larsen (born 1950).
- The Deer's Cry (2008), a choral work by Estonian composer Arvo Pärt (born 1935).[18]
- In his 2016 album, "Hymns, Prayers, and Invitations",[19] Rick Lee James opens the album with a modern setting of St. Patrick's Breastplate titled Christ Is Lord (Christ Before Me).[20]
- "The Lorica" is an adaptation of St. Patrick's Breastplate on Canadian singer-songwriter Steve Bell's 2008 Album, Devotion.[21]
Modern interpretations
In his seminal study 'The Primal Vision: Christian presence Amid African Religion', (SCM Press, London 1963) John Vernon Taylor, later Bishop of Winchester, claimed that St Patrick's Breastplate 'contains all the spiritual awareness of the primal vision and lifts it into the fullness of Christ.' He concludes by quoting the whole prayer in Kuno Meyer's version, exclaiming 'Would that it were translated and sung in every tongue in Africa!'
Since the 1980s, a resurgent interest in "Celtic spirituality" among some Christian authors led to the popularisation of the Lorica as an example of specifically "Celtic". For example, David Adam has written some books about Celtic prayers and spiritual exercises for modern Christians. In one of his books, The Cry Of The Deer,[22] he used the Lorica of St Patrick as a way to Celtic spirituality.
John Davies, Bishop of Shrewsbury, provides a verse-by-verse commentary on the Breastplate in 'A Song for Every Morning: Dedication and Defiance with St Patrick's Breastplate' (Norwich, Canterbury Press 2008), based largely on experience of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. A foreword by Kathy Galloway, Leader of the Iona Community, notes how the Breastplate brings together the personal and the political in Christian discipleship.
References
Notes
- ^ composuit illum hymnum patrio idiomate conscriptum, qu vulgo feth-fiatha, et ab aliis lorica Patricii appellatur, cited after Petrie 1839, p. 55
- ^ ad-dom-ruig, i.e. ad-ruig "I join" (adjungo) with infixed pronoun dom "to me".(Todd 1864, p. 426)
- ^ Stokes 1888 supplements the missing first lines from the Liber Hymnorum, which has an orthography closer to Middle Irish than the 9th-century Vita.
- ^ Stokes 1888 renders etrochta ésci as "brightness of Moon".
- ^ Todd's "lusts" is a conjecture; the meaning is unclear. Carey, King of Mysteries (2000) emends "against the tendencies (?) of nature", Borsje 2008, p. 38 conjectures "against the envious ones by nature", connecting foirmdechaib to formtech "envious".
- ^ the Vita Tripartita is tentatively interpreted by Stokes 1888 as "Christ in breadth, Christ in length, Christ in height(?)". Borsje (2008) gives "Christ where I lie down, Christ where I sit, Christ where I stand".
Citations
- ^ Bernard & Atkinson 1898, p. 209.
- ^ Stokes & Strachan 1903.
- ^ Stokes 1888, p. 381.
- ^ Stokes & Strachan 1903, p. xl.
- ^ Reeves & Worsley 2001, p. 38.
- ^ Greene, David; O'Connor, Frank (1990) [1967, London: Macmillan]. A Golden Treasury of Irish Poetry, AD 600–1200. Dingle: Brandon. ISBN 0-86322-113-0.
- ^ Patrick (1876). Thomas Olden (ed.). The Epistles and Hymn of Saint Patrick, With the Poem of Secundinus. Dublin: Hodges, Foster, & Co. pp. 105–109.
- ^ Todd 1864, p. 426-429.
- ^ Petrie 1839.
- ^ R. Graisberry (publisher/printer), Dublin, 1837, pp. 349 (bottom)–354. For his paper see Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy (Antiquities), vol. 18, part 2, pp. 25–232, 1839.
- ^ "St. Patrick's breastplate, the poem of Ireland's greatest saint". Irishcentral.com. Retrieved 2016-03-17.[unreliable source?]
- ^ "St. Patrick's Breastplate – Prayer Card". The Catholic Company. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
- ^ Bradley, Ian C. (2006-09-14). Daily Telegraph Book of Hymns. Bloomsbury Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 9781441139696.
- ^ Liner notes by Stanford biographer Jeremy Dibble to Hyperion CD CDS 44311/3 (1998)
- ^ "Stanford: Sacred Choral Music". Hyperion Records. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "The Deers Cry ڰۣڿڰۣ ♥ ڰۣڿڰۣ SHAUN DAVEY & RITA CONNOLY". YouTube.
- ^ "Album Sleevenotes for TARA3032 : The Pilgrim – Composed by Shaun Davey". Taramusic.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
- ^ "Arvo Pärt – The Deer's Cry". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14.
- ^ "Thunder". Thunder. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "Rick Lee James - Christ Is Lord (Christ Before Me) (AUDIO)". YouTube. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ The Lorica: Lyric Video, archived from the original on 2021-12-14, retrieved 2021-03-17
- ^ Adam, David (1987). The Cry Of The Deer: Meditations on the Hymn of St Patrick. London: SPCK. ISBN 978-0281061181
Sources
- Bernard, J.H.; Atkinson, R. (1898). The Irish Liber hymnorum. Henry Bradshaw Society. Vol. II. Henry Bradshaw Society.
- Borsje, J. (2008). "Coming to Terms with Evil in Medieval Ireland". In Nelly van Doorn-Harder; Lourens Minnema (eds.). Coping with Evil in Religion and Culture: Case Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-9042023376.
- Dibble, Jeremy; Stanford Sacred Choral Music, Vol. 3 Notes. London, 1998.
- Petrie, George (1839). "On the History and Antiquities of Tara Hill". Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. XVIII.
- Reeves, M.; Worsley, J. (2001). Favourite Hymns: 2000 Years of the Magnificat. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-8264-4872-9.
- Stokes, Whitley, ed. (1888). The Tripartite Life of Patrick: With Other Documents Relating to that Saint.
- Stokes, W.; Strachan, J., eds. (1903). Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus: A Collection of Old-Irish Glosses, Scholia Prose and Verse. Vol. II. Cambridge: University Press.
- Todd, James Henthorn (1864). St. Patrick, apostle of Ireland, a memoir of his life and mission.