Sovereign (1789 ship)
Sovereign was launched at Newcastle in 1789. She traded between London and South Carolina and then as a transport. In 1802 she became a Guineaman, i.e., a slave ship, in the triangular trade in ensalved people. She wrecked on 22 January 1804 as she was returning from the West Indies where she had landed her captives at Trinidad.
Career edit
Sovereign first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1789.[4]
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789 | J.Benn | Brown | London–South Carolina | LR |
On 19 November 1791 as Sovereign was returning to London, she came across a brig on her side at 49°10′N 8°30′W / 49.167°N 8.500°W. The brig had been abandoned and a strong wind was causing the seas to break over her.[5] Sovereign arrived in the Downs on 26 November.
Lloyd's List reported on 14 November 1794 that Sovereign, Benn, master, was one of seven transports that had sailed to Toulon from Corsica as cartels, carrying prisonners. When they arrived at Toulon, the French had detained.[6] The transports were presumably carrying prisoners from the British capture of Corsica.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1795 | J.Benn | Brown | London–South Carolina | LR |
| 1800 | Balmano | Brown & Co. | London transport | LR |
| 1802 | Balmano J.Ward | Brown & Co. | London transport London–Africa | LR |
Voyage transporting enslaved people (1802–Loss): Captain John Ward sailed from London on 7 November 1802.[7] In 1802, 155 vessels sailed from English ports to Africa to acquire and transport enslaved people; 15 of these vessels sailed from London.[8]
Sovereign acquired captives at Bonny.[7] Ward was issued a letter of marque on 2 July 1803,[3] but by that time he was dead.[9] Lloyd's List (LL) reported on 3 September 1803 that Sovereign, late Ward, had arrived at Suriname from Africa and was bound for Trinidad.[10][9] Ward had died while Sovereign was in Africa.[9] She arrived at Trinidad on 22 July 1803 with 319 captives.[7]
Fate edit
On 22 January 1804, Sovereign, B.Richardson, master, struck the Smith's Rocks, a submerged reef in the Irish Sea off Ballycotton, County Cork.[11] She was about a mile from shore as she was coming from Trinidad and Tortola to London. She foundered within 10 minutes of striking the rock with most on board drowning. Casualty counts differed by report. One stated that eight of 37 people on board were saved. Another stated that 31 of the 40 people on board were lost. A third stated nine out of 35 were saved. Four of the people on board were passengers, three or four of whom were saved. She was carrying sugar, coffee, indigo, hides, and elephants' teeth (ivory).[12][13][9]
By one account, five local men, led by a Dennis Flinn, took a boat out. Because of the weather, it took them several hours to reach the wreck even though it was not far away. When they reached the wreck they were able to rescue five men who had taken to one of her masts. Shortly thereafter, the mast fell overboard. When the weather abated, people on shore launched boats to retrieve whatever flotsam they could, to secret it.[14]
In 1804, some 30 British vessels in the triangular trade were lost. At least one of these was lost on the homeward leg of her voyage.[15] During the period 1793 to 1807, war, rather than maritime hazards or resistance by the captives, was the greatest cause of vessel losses among British enslaving vessels.[16]
Citations edit
- ^ Tyne Built Ships: "S".
- ^ British Library: Sovereign (2).
- ^ a b c d (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ a b LR (1789), seq.№S560.
- ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (2355). 29 November 1791. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049066.
- ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 2664. 14 November 1794. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049067.
- ^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Sovereign voyage #83574.
- ^ Williams (1897), p. 680.
- ^ a b c d "Ship News". Aberdeen Journal (Aberdeen, Scotland), 15 February 1804; Issue 2927.
- ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (4384, Ship arrival and departure (SAD) data). 13 September 1803. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735021.
- ^ Stokes (2015), pp. 232–233.
- ^ "Ship News". The Hull Packet (893). 21 February 1804.
- ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (44). January 1804.
- ^ Bayley (1809), pp. 422–425.
- ^ Inikori (1996), p. 62.
- ^ Inikori (1996), p. 58.
References edit
- Bayley, Catherine (1809). Vacation Evenings, Or, Conversations Between a Governess and Her Pupils, with the Addition of a Visitor from Eton. Being a Series of Original Poems, Tales, and Essays, Interspersed with Illustrative Quotations from Various Authors, Ancient and Modern. Vol. 3. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme.
- Inikori, Joseph (1996). "Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade: Documents relating to the British trade". Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer. 83 (312): 53–92.
- Stokes, Roy (2015). Between the Tides: Shipwrecks of the Irish Coast. Amberley.
- Williams, Gomer (1897). History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade. W. Heinemann.