The Sopris phase (AD 1000-1250) is a Late Ceramic period hunter-gatherer culture of the Upper Purgatoire, also known as the Upper Purgatoire complex. It was first discovered in the southern Colorado, near the present town of Trinidad, Colorado. The Sopris phase appeared to be greatly influenced by Puebloan people, such as the Taos Pueblo and Pecos Pueblo, and through trade in the Upper Rio Grande area.[1][2]
Two Sopris Plains sites found at the Trinidad reservoir, Leone Bluff (site 5LA1211) and site ID 5LA1416, are located in Las Animas County, Colorado, near Segundo.[3][4] The Trinidad sites were found in 1962 when Herbert Dick of the Trinidad State Junior College led an archaeological investigation of the Trinidad Reservoir. By 1980, more archaeological studies had been completed of a total of 300 sites. Site 5LA1416 contained evidence of occupation through all three Sopris phases. The architecture may have been influenced by the Plains villagers, Panhandle and Rio Grande cultures. The pottery, though, was decidedly like that of the Puebloans of the Rio Grande area.[5]
The Leone Bluff (site 5LA1211) and site ID 5LA1416 sites had evidence of four dwellings identified as Sopris phase occupations from about A.D. 1150 to 1300. The pottery remnants were used to identify the Sopris phase and three subsequent periods of inhabitation: post-Sopris phase (about A.D. 1300–1450), historic Spanish-American (about A.D. 1670–1890) and historic Apache (about A.D. 1750–1900).[6] Skeletons were found of people of Apachean, or Athabaskan, heritage.[3]
The architecture, pottery and material goods varied greatly during the Sopris phases.[1]
Initialedit
The initial Sopris phase occurred between 1000 and 1100 A.D. People dwelled in pit-houses, jacal structures and campsites. Pottery found at initial Sopris sites included Taos gray and distinctly different Sopris plain pottery. Corner-notched points are the most popular projectile points used. Basin metates were used during this time.[1]
Earlyedit
The next period occurred between 1100-1150 A.D. Dwellings were made of adobe or a combination of adobe and jacal construction. Pottery found in early Sopris sites include: Taos gray, Sopris plain pottery, and the appearance of black on white, cordmarked, polished and incised pottery. Material goods included metates, turquoise, beads of stone and shell. Maize was farmed a little during this period.[1]
Lateedit
The last period occurred between 1150-1250 A.D. Houses were made of sandstone slab masonry, with rounded corners and posts for support. There was a predominance of Taos black on white and Taos gray incised pottery during this time. Grooved mauls and slab metates appeared during this period.[1]
Referencesedit
^ abcdeGunnerson, James H. Archaeology of the High Plains. Denver: United States Forest Service, 1987. p. 94-95, 135.
^Echo-Hawk, Roger C. (April 2000) "Ancient History in the New World: Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record in Deep Time." 2014-04-07 at the Wayback MachineAmerican Antiquity. 65(2):267-290. See page 15 of pdf file.
^ abSturtevant, William C.; DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001). Handbook of North American Indians: Plains, Part 1 Smithsonian Institution. p. 243. ISBN0-16-050400-7.
^Excavations at Trinidad Reservoir. 2012-07-04 at the Wayback Machine The University of New Mexico. Office of Contract Archeology. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^Cassells, E. Steve. (1997). The Archeology of Colorado, Revised Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. pp. 223–224. ISBN1-55566-193-9.
^Ireland, Stephen K. (October 8, 1984). Trinidad Reservoir Salvage Archaeology, 1967. DTIC Online. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
April 13, 2024
sopris, phase, 1000, 1250, late, ceramic, period, hunter, gatherer, culture, upper, purgatoire, also, known, upper, purgatoire, complex, first, discovered, southern, colorado, near, present, town, trinidad, colorado, appeared, greatly, influenced, puebloan, pe. The Sopris phase AD 1000 1250 is a Late Ceramic period hunter gatherer culture of the Upper Purgatoire also known as the Upper Purgatoire complex It was first discovered in the southern Colorado near the present town of Trinidad Colorado The Sopris phase appeared to be greatly influenced by Puebloan people such as the Taos Pueblo and Pecos Pueblo and through trade in the Upper Rio Grande area 1 2 Sopris phase Upper Purgatoire complex Geographical rangeColoradoPeriodLate Ceramic period Post Archaic DatesAD 1000 1250Major sitesTrinchera Cave Archeological DistrictPreceded byArchaic Contents 1 Sopris sites 2 Phases 2 1 Initial 2 2 Early 2 3 Late 3 ReferencesSopris sites editTwo Sopris Plains sites found at the Trinidad reservoir Leone Bluff site 5LA1211 and site ID 5LA1416 are located in Las Animas County Colorado near Segundo 3 4 The Trinidad sites were found in 1962 when Herbert Dick of the Trinidad State Junior College led an archaeological investigation of the Trinidad Reservoir By 1980 more archaeological studies had been completed of a total of 300 sites Site 5LA1416 contained evidence of occupation through all three Sopris phases The architecture may have been influenced by the Plains villagers Panhandle and Rio Grande cultures The pottery though was decidedly like that of the Puebloans of the Rio Grande area 5 The Leone Bluff site 5LA1211 and site ID 5LA1416 sites had evidence of four dwellings identified as Sopris phase occupations from about A D 1150 to 1300 The pottery remnants were used to identify the Sopris phase and three subsequent periods of inhabitation post Sopris phase about A D 1300 1450 historic Spanish American about A D 1670 1890 and historic Apache about A D 1750 1900 6 Skeletons were found of people of Apachean or Athabaskan heritage 3 Trinchera Cave Archeological District is also a Sopris phase site Phases editThe architecture pottery and material goods varied greatly during the Sopris phases 1 Initial edit The initial Sopris phase occurred between 1000 and 1100 A D People dwelled in pit houses jacal structures and campsites Pottery found at initial Sopris sites included Taos gray and distinctly different Sopris plain pottery Corner notched points are the most popular projectile points used Basin metates were used during this time 1 Early edit The next period occurred between 1100 1150 A D Dwellings were made of adobe or a combination of adobe and jacal construction Pottery found in early Sopris sites include Taos gray Sopris plain pottery and the appearance of black on white cordmarked polished and incised pottery Material goods included metates turquoise beads of stone and shell Maize was farmed a little during this period 1 Late edit The last period occurred between 1150 1250 A D Houses were made of sandstone slab masonry with rounded corners and posts for support There was a predominance of Taos black on white and Taos gray incised pottery during this time Grooved mauls and slab metates appeared during this period 1 References edit a b c d e Gunnerson James H Archaeology of the High Plains Denver United States Forest Service 1987 p 94 95 135 Echo Hawk Roger C April 2000 Ancient History in the New World Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record in Deep Time Archived 2014 04 07 at the Wayback Machine American Antiquity 65 2 267 290 See page 15 of pdf file a b Sturtevant William C DeMallie Raymond J 2001 Handbook of North American Indians Plains Part 1 Smithsonian Institution p 243 ISBN 0 16 050400 7 Excavations at Trinidad Reservoir Archived 2012 07 04 at the Wayback Machine The University of New Mexico Office of Contract Archeology Retrieved December 3 2011 Cassells E Steve 1997 The Archeology of Colorado Revised Edition Boulder Colorado Johnson Books pp 223 224 ISBN 1 55566 193 9 Ireland Stephen K October 8 1984 Trinidad Reservoir Salvage Archaeology 1967 DTIC Online Retrieved December 3 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sopris phase amp oldid 1215606923, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
