Liver spots (also known as age spot, solar lentigo,[1] "lentigo senilis",[1]: 686 "old age spot",[2] "senile freckle")[2] are blemishes on the skin associated with aging[3] and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun.[4] They range in color from light brown[5] to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, and the scalp if bald.
Liver spot
Liver spots (solar lentigo) on the left hand of a 63-year-old light-skinned Caucasian man
The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems, but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver, save for a similar color.[6] From the age of 40, the skin is less able to regenerate from sun exposure, and liver spots are very common in this age group, particularly in those who spend time in the sun.[7]
In the overwhelming majority of cases, liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment, though they occasionally have been known to obscure the detection of skin cancer. However, despite being a benign condition, liver spots are sometimes considered unsightly and some people choose to have them removed. This can be done by electrosurgery, laser treatment, cryotherapy, or the use of depigmentation agents, such as hydroquinone,[8]tretinoin,[8] topical cysteamine,[9] azelaic acid,[10] or alpha hydroxy acids.[11]
Differently from the melanotic nevi and the verrucous nevi on the skin, age spots change in color and in shape with time. Michelitsch and Michelitsch propose a hypothesis inspired by their misrepair-accumulation aging theory[12][13] for the development of age spots.[14] They propose that aged basal cells contain lipofuscin bodies that cannot be removed and might promote the aging of neighboring cells, generating a feedback loop that causes more and more neighbor cells to become aged and contain lipofuscins.[14] Such cells might then aggregate into a spot with an irregular shape.[14] They propose that the protrusion of a flat spot is a result of the death of aged cells in the spot and release of lipofuscin bodies.[14] The aggregating cells would form a capsule, and the dense lipofuscin bodies make the protruding spot soft and dark in color.[14] However, this proposal appeared as a preprint in 2015, has little direct empirical support, and has never been published in a peer reviewed journal.
Another group[15] has reported that "age spots" taken from human skin biopsies of patients facial senile lentigo of Fitzpatrick skin type III or IV aged 55–62 are enriched with senescent fibroblasts compared to surrounding skin. The dark coloration appeared to be due to higher melanin levels and activity of tyrosinase in the senescent fibroblasts than in the controls, potentially related to lower SDF1 expression.[15] Patients were then administered six weekly treatments of microneedle fractional radiofrequency aimed at eliminating dermal senescent fibroblasts; this led to a marked decrease in epidermal pigmentation compared to baseline, accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of collagen and the normalization of suppressed SDF1 expression.[15]
Treatmentedit
Treatment for liver spots is almost never done for health-related reasons, though it is sometimes done for cosmetic ones. Skin-bleaching products that inhibit pigmentation or cosmetic creams containing the ingredients alpha hydroxy acids or retinoids are known to be effective. Liver spots can also be frozen off with liquid nitrogen; that is, via cryosurgery.[16]
^Publishing, Harvard Health (5 August 2015). "5 skin spots you shouldn't worry about". Harvard Health. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
^Karen J. Carlson, Stephanie A. Eisenstat, Terra Diane Ziporyn, The new Harvard guide to women's health, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 337.
^"Age spots: Causes, symptoms, and treatment". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
^ ab"Age spots (liver spots) Treatments and drugs". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
^Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (2015-07-01). "Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". The British Journal of Dermatology. 173 (1): 209–17. doi:10.1111/bjd.13424. ISSN 1365-2133. PMID 25251767. S2CID 21618233.
^Rodríguez Prieto, M. A.; Manchado Lopez, P.; Ruiz Gonzalez, I.; Suarez, D. (1993-05-01). "Treatment of lentigo maligna with azelaic acid". International Journal of Dermatology. 32 (5): 363–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01475.x. ISSN 0011-9059. PMID 8505164. S2CID 29546141.
^"Overview about liver spots/age spots". Beauty Natural Skin. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
^Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair – a novel theory of aging". 0904: 9. arXiv:0904.0575. Bibcode:2009arXiv0904.0575W. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". 1503: 13. arXiv:1503.07163. Bibcode:2015arXiv150307163W. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abcdeWang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Development of age spots as a result of accumulation of aged cells in aged skin". 1505: 9. arXiv:1505.07012. Bibcode:2015arXiv150507012W. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abcYoon JE, Kim Y, Kwon S, Kim M, Kim YH, Kim JH, Park TJ, Kang HY (September 9, 2018). "Senescent fibroblasts drive ageing pigmentation: A potential therapeutic target for senile lentigo". Theranostics. 8 (17): 4620–4632. doi:10.7150/thno.26975. PMC6160768. PMID 30279727. Retrieved 26 December 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Karen J. Carlson; Stephanie A. Eisenstat (2004). The New Harvard Guide to Women's Health. p. 337.
External linksedit
Media related to Solar lentigo at Wikimedia Commons
May 03, 2024
liver, spot, also, known, spot, solar, lentigo, lentigo, senilis, spot, senile, freckle, blemishes, skin, associated, with, aging, exposure, ultraviolet, radiation, from, they, range, color, from, light, brown, black, located, areas, most, often, exposed, part. Liver spots also known as age spot solar lentigo 1 lentigo senilis 1 686 old age spot 2 senile freckle 2 are blemishes on the skin associated with aging 3 and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun 4 They range in color from light brown 5 to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun particularly the hands face shoulders arms and forehead and the scalp if bald Liver spotLiver spots solar lentigo on the left hand of a 63 year old light skinned Caucasian manSpecialtyDermatology The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver save for a similar color 6 From the age of 40 the skin is less able to regenerate from sun exposure and liver spots are very common in this age group particularly in those who spend time in the sun 7 In the overwhelming majority of cases liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment though they occasionally have been known to obscure the detection of skin cancer However despite being a benign condition liver spots are sometimes considered unsightly and some people choose to have them removed This can be done by electrosurgery laser treatment cryotherapy or the use of depigmentation agents such as hydroquinone 8 tretinoin 8 topical cysteamine 9 azelaic acid 10 or alpha hydroxy acids 11 Contents 1 Causes 2 Treatment 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksCauses edit nbsp Histology slide of a solar lentigo Differently from the melanotic nevi and the verrucous nevi on the skin age spots change in color and in shape with time Michelitsch and Michelitsch propose a hypothesis inspired by their misrepair accumulation aging theory 12 13 for the development of age spots 14 They propose that aged basal cells contain lipofuscin bodies that cannot be removed and might promote the aging of neighboring cells generating a feedback loop that causes more and more neighbor cells to become aged and contain lipofuscins 14 Such cells might then aggregate into a spot with an irregular shape 14 They propose that the protrusion of a flat spot is a result of the death of aged cells in the spot and release of lipofuscin bodies 14 The aggregating cells would form a capsule and the dense lipofuscin bodies make the protruding spot soft and dark in color 14 However this proposal appeared as a preprint in 2015 has little direct empirical support and has never been published in a peer reviewed journal Another group 15 has reported that age spots taken from human skin biopsies of patients facial senile lentigo of Fitzpatrick skin type III or IV aged 55 62 are enriched with senescent fibroblasts compared to surrounding skin The dark coloration appeared to be due to higher melanin levels and activity of tyrosinase in the senescent fibroblasts than in the controls potentially related to lower SDF1 expression 15 Patients were then administered six weekly treatments of microneedle fractional radiofrequency aimed at eliminating dermal senescent fibroblasts this led to a marked decrease in epidermal pigmentation compared to baseline accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of collagen and the normalization of suppressed SDF1 expression 15 Treatment editTreatment for liver spots is almost never done for health related reasons though it is sometimes done for cosmetic ones Skin bleaching products that inhibit pigmentation or cosmetic creams containing the ingredients alpha hydroxy acids or retinoids are known to be effective Liver spots can also be frozen off with liquid nitrogen that is via cryosurgery 16 See also editFreckle Lentigo List of cutaneous conditionsReferences edit a b James William D Berger Timothy G et al 2006 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology Saunders Elsevier ISBN 0 7216 2921 0 a b Rapini Ronald P Bolognia Jean L Jorizzo Joseph L 2007 Dermatology 2 Volume Set St Louis Mosby pp 1716 17 ISBN 978 1 4160 2999 1 Age spots liver spots Diagnosis and treatment Mayo Clinic www mayoclinic org Retrieved 2020 07 07 Ultraviolet UV Radiation www cancer org Retrieved 2020 07 07 Publishing Harvard Health 5 August 2015 5 skin spots you shouldn t worry about Harvard Health Retrieved 2020 07 07 Karen J Carlson Stephanie A Eisenstat Terra Diane Ziporyn The new Harvard guide to women s health Harvard University Press 2004 p 337 Age spots Causes symptoms and treatment www medicalnewstoday com 2018 10 09 Retrieved 2020 07 07 a b Age spots liver spots Treatments and drugs Mayo Clinic Retrieved 2017 02 12 Mansouri P Farshi S Hashemi Z Kasraee B 2015 07 01 Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5 cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial The British Journal of Dermatology 173 1 209 17 doi 10 1111 bjd 13424 ISSN 1365 2133 PMID 25251767 S2CID 21618233 Rodriguez Prieto M A Manchado Lopez P Ruiz Gonzalez I Suarez D 1993 05 01 Treatment of lentigo maligna with azelaic acid International Journal of Dermatology 32 5 363 64 doi 10 1111 j 1365 4362 1993 tb01475 x ISSN 0011 9059 PMID 8505164 S2CID 29546141 Overview about liver spots age spots Beauty Natural Skin Retrieved 3 July 2015 Wang Jicun Michelitsch Thomas Wunderlin Arne Mahadeva Ravi 2009 Aging as a consequence of Misrepair a novel theory of aging 0904 9 arXiv 0904 0575 Bibcode 2009arXiv0904 0575W a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Wang Michelitsch Jicun Michelitsch Thomas 2015 Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs 1503 13 arXiv 1503 07163 Bibcode 2015arXiv150307163W a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c d e Wang Michelitsch Jicun Michelitsch Thomas 2015 Development of age spots as a result of accumulation of aged cells in aged skin 1505 9 arXiv 1505 07012 Bibcode 2015arXiv150507012W a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Yoon JE Kim Y Kwon S Kim M Kim YH Kim JH Park TJ Kang HY September 9 2018 Senescent fibroblasts drive ageing pigmentation A potential therapeutic target for senile lentigo Theranostics 8 17 4620 4632 doi 10 7150 thno 26975 PMC 6160768 PMID 30279727 Retrieved 26 December 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Karen J Carlson Stephanie A Eisenstat 2004 The New Harvard Guide to Women s Health p 337 External links edit nbsp Media related to Solar lentigo at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liver spot amp oldid 1176953041, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
