Social practice

This article is about social practice as a minor psychological theory. It is not to be confused with Practice theory.

For the art medium of social practice, see Social practice (art).

Social practice is a theory within psychology that seeks to determine the link between practice and context within social situations. Emphasized as a commitment to change, social practice occurs in two forms: activity and inquiry. Most often applied within the context of human development, social practice involves knowledge production and the theorization and analysis of both institutional and intervention practices.^[1]

Background in psychology

Through research, Sylvia Scribner sought to understand and create a decent life for all people regardless of geographical position, race, gender, and social class.^[2] Using anthropological field research and psychological experimentation, Scribner tried to dig deeper into human mental functioning and its creation through social practice in different societal and cultural settings. She therefore aimed to enact social reform and community development through an ethical orientation that accounts for the interaction of historical and societal conditions of different institutional settings with human social and mental functioning and development.

As activity

Social practice involves engagement with communities of interest by creating a practitioner-community relationship wherein there remains a focus on the skills, knowledge, and understanding of people in their private, family, community, and working lives.^[3] In this approach to social practice, activity is used for social change without the agenda of research. Activity theory suggests the use of a system of participants that work toward an object or goal that brings about some form of change or transformation in the community.^[4]

As inquiry

Within research, social practice aims to integrate the individual with his or her surrounding environment while assessing how context and culture relate to common actions and practices of the individual. Just as social practice is an activity itself, inquiry focuses on how social activity occurs and identifies its main causes and outcomes. It has been argued that research be developed as a specific theory of social practice through which research purposes are defined not by philosophical paradigms but by researchers' commitments to specific forms of social action.^[5]

Areas of interest

Education

In education, social practice refers to the use of adult-child interaction for observation in order to propose intentions and gauge the reactions of others.^[6] Under social practice, literacy is seen as a key dimension of community regeneration and a part of the wider lifelong learning agenda. In particular, literacy is considered to be an area of instruction for the introduction of social practice through social language and social identity. According to social practice in education, literacy and numeracy are complex capabilities rather than a simple set of basic skills. Furthermore, adult learners are more likely to develop and retain knowledge, skills, and understanding if they see them as relevant to their own problems and challenges. Social practice perspectives focus on local literacies and how literacy practices are affected by settings and groups interacting around print.

Literature

As literature is repeatedly studied in education and critiqued in discourse, many believe that it should be a field of social practice as it evokes emotion and discussion of social interactions and social conditions. Those that believe literature may be construed as a form of social practice believe that literature and society are essentially related to each other. As such, they attempt to define specific sociological practices of literature and share expressions of literature as works comprising text, institution, and individual. Overall, literature becomes a realm of social exchange through fiction, poetry, politics, and history.^[7]

Art

Main article: Social practice (art)

Not to be confused with social artistry.

Social practice is also considered a medium for making art. Social practice art came about in response to increasing pressure within art education to work collaboratively through social and participatory formats^[8] from artists' desires and art viewers' increasing media sophistication.^[9] "Social practice art" is a term for artwork that uses social engagement as a primary medium, and is also referred to by a range of different names: socially engaged art,^[10] community art, new-genre public art,^[11] participatory art, interventionist art, and collaborative art.^[12]

Artists working in the medium of social practice develop projects by inviting collaboration with individuals, communities, institutions, or a combination of these, creating participatory art that exists both within and outside of the traditional gallery and museum system.^[13] Artists working in social practice art co-create their work with a specific audience or propose critical interventions within existing social systems that inspire debate or catalyze social exchange.^[14] Social practice art work focuses on the interaction between the audience, social systems, and the artist through topics such as aesthetics, ethics, collaboration, persona, media strategies, and social activism.^[15] The social interaction component inspires, drives, or, in some instances, completes the project.^[16] Although projects may incorporate traditional studio media, they are realized in a variety of visual or social forms (depending on variable contexts and participant demographics) such as performance, social activism, or mobilizing communities towards a common goal.^[17]

References

1. Smolka, A. L. B. (2001). Social practice and social change: activity theory in perspective. Human Development, 44(6), 362–367.
2. Hedegaard, M. (1998). A cultural-historical approach to mind. Human Development, 41(3), 205–209.
3. "What is social practice?" (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2013, from http://spiritstorelimerick.weebly.com/what-is-social-practice.html.
4. Hung, D., Tan, S. C., & Koh, T. S. (2006). From traditional to constructivist epistemologies: a proposed theoretical framework based on activity theory for learning communities. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 17(1), 37–55.
5. Herndl, C. G., & Nahrwold, C. A. (2000). Research as social practice: a case study of research on technical and professional communication. Written Communication, 17(2), 158–296.
6. Rowe, D. W. (2010). Directions for studying early literacy as social practice. Language Arts, 88(2), 134–143.
7. Desan, P., Ferguson, P. P., & Griswold, W. (Eds.). (1989). Literature and social practice, 1st Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Sholette, G. (n.d.). "After OWS: social practice art, abstraction, and the limits of the social". Retrieved April 25, 2013, from http://www.e-flux.com/journal/after-ows-social-practice-art-abstraction-and-the-limits-of-the-social/.
9. Finkel, Jori (March 2014). "You're sure of a big surprise: A new breed of curators at US museums has the job of playing with visitors' expectations". Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/You%E2%80%99re%20sure%20of%20a%20big%20surprise/31998
10. "Pablo Helguera » Blog Archive » Education for Socially Engaged Art (2011)". pablohelguera.net.
11. Lacy, Suzanne, ed. (1 November 1994). Mapping the Terrain: New Genre Public Art. Bay Pr. ISBN 978-0941920308.
12. Bishop, Claire. "The Social Turn: Collaboration and Its Discontents" Artforum, February 2006, 178–83.
13. . Archived from the original on 2012-11-10.
14. "Social Practice Workshop". California College of the Arts. Retrieved Sep 18, 2014.
15. "Reviews In Cultural Theory". www.reviewsinculture.com.
16. "Social Practice Art's identity crisis – Bad at Sports". badatsports.com.
17. "A critique of social practice art – International Socialist Review". isreview.org.