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Social medicine

May 05, 2023

The field of social medicine seeks to implement social care through

  1. understanding how social and economic conditions impact health, disease and the practice of medicine and
  2. fostering conditions in which this understanding can lead to a healthier society.
A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers on their local hospital and an example of social medicine

Social medicine as a scientific field gradually began in the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent increase in poverty and disease among workers raised concerns about the effect of social processes on the health of the poor. The field of social medicine is most commonly addressed today by public health efforts to understand what are known as social determinants of health.[1]

Scope

The major emphasis on biomedical science in medical education,[2] health care, and medical research has resulted into a gap with our understanding and acknowledgement of far more important social determinants of public health and individual disease: social-economic inequalities, war, illiteracy, detrimental life-styles (smoking, obesity), discrimination because of race, gender and religion. Farmer et al. (2006) gave the following explanation for this gap:[3]

The holy grail of modern medicine remains the search for a molecular basis of disease. While the practical yield of such circumscribed inquiry has been enormous, exclusive focus on molecular-level phenomena has contributed to the increasing "desocialization" of scientific inquiry: a tendency to ask only biological questions about what are in fact biosocial phenomena.

They further concluded that "Biosocial understandings of medical phenomena are urgently needed".[3]

Social care

Social care traditionally takes a different look at issues of impairment and disability by adopting a holistic perspective on health. The social model was developed as a direct response to the medical model, the social model sees barriers (physical, attitudinal and behavioural) not just as a biomedical issue, but as caused in part by the society we live in – as a product of the physical, organizational and social worlds that lead to discrimination (Oliver 1996; French 1993; Oliver and Barnes 1993). Social care advocates equality of opportunities for vulnerable sections of society.[4]

History

German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) laid foundations for this model. Other prominent figures in the history of social medicine, beginning from the 20th century, include Salvador Allende, Henry E. Sigerist, Thomas McKeown,[5] Victor W. Sidel,[6] Howard Waitzkin, and more recently Paul Farmer[7] and Jim Yong Kim.

In The Second Sickness, Waitzkin traces the history of social medicine from Engels, through Virchow and Allende.[8] Waitzkin has sought to educate North Americans about the contributions of Latin American Social Medicine.[9][10]

In 1976, the British public health scientist and health care critic Thomas McKeown, MD, published "The role of medicine: Dream, mirage or nemesis?", wherein he summarized facts and arguments that supported what became known as McKeown's thesis, i.e. that the growth of population can be attributed to a decline in mortality from infectious diseases, primarily thanks to better nutrition, later also to better hygiene, and only marginally and late to medical interventions such as antibiotics and vaccines.[11] McKeown was heavily criticized for his controversial ideas, but is nowadays remembered as "the founder of social medicine".[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Trout L, Kramer C, Fischer L (Dec 2018). "Social Medicine in Practice". Health and Human Rights. 20 (2): 19–30. PMC 6293359. PMID 30568399.
  2. ^ Hixon, Allen L.; Yamada, Seiji; Farmer, Paul E.; Maskarinec, Gregory G. (2013-01-16). "Social justice: The heart of medical education". Social Medicine. 7 (3): 161–168. ISSN 1557-7112.
  3. ^ a b Farmer, Paul, Bruce Nizeye, Sarah Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee (2006). "Structural violence and clinical medicine". PLOS Medicine. v.3(10): e449 (10): e449. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449. PMC 1621099. PMID 17076568.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Kieran Walshe; Judith Smith (1 September 2011). Healthcare Management. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). pp. 261+. ISBN 978-0-335-24382-2.
  5. ^ McKeown, Thomas and Lowe, C. R. (1966). An Introduction to Social Medicine. Oxford and Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific Publications.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Anderson, Matthew; Smith, Clyde Lanford (Lanny) (2013-11-03). "Honoring Vic Sidel". Social Medicine. 7 (3): 117–119. ISSN 1557-7112.
  7. ^ Farmer, Paul (2002). Social medicine and the challenge of biosocial research. In: Opolka U, Schoop H (editors): Innovative Structures in Basic Research: Ringberg-Symposium, 4–7 October 2000. München: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. pp. 55–73.
  8. ^ Howard., Waitzkin (2000). The second sickness : contradictions of capitalist health care (Rev. and updated ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847698875. OCLC 42295890.
  9. ^ Waitzkin, Howard; Iriart, Celia; Estrada, Alfredo; Lamadrid, Silvia (2001-10-01). "Social Medicine Then and Now: Lessons From Latin America". American Journal of Public Health. 91 (10): 1592–1601. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1592. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1446835. PMID 11574316.
  10. ^ Waitzkin, Howard; Iriart, Celia; Estrada, Alfredo; Lamadrid, Silvia (2001-07-28). "Social medicine in Latin America: productivity and dangers facing the major national groups". The Lancet. 358 (9278): 315–323. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05488-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 11498235. S2CID 38877645.
  11. ^ McKeown, Thomas (1976). The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? (The Rock Carlington Fellow, 1976). London, UK: Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust. ISBN 978-0-900574-24-5.
  12. ^ Deaton, Angus (2013). The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-691-15354-4. McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life.
Bibliography
  • Social Medicine: http://journals.sfu.ca/socialmedicine/index.php/socialmedicine/index
  • Social Medicine Portal: http://www.socialmedicine.org/
  • Porter D (2006). "How Did Social Medicine Evolve, and Where Is It Heading?". PLOS Med. 3 (10): e399. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030399. PMC 1621092. PMID 17076552.
  • Matthew R. Anderson, Lanny Smith, and Victor W. Sidel. What is Social Medicine? Monthly Review: 56(8). http://www.monthlyreview.org/0105anderson.htm
  • King NMP, Strauss RP, Churchill LR, Estroff SE, Henderson GE, et al. editors (2005) Patients, doctors, and illness. Volume I: The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Henderson GE, Estroff SE, Churchill LR, King NMP, Oberlander J, et al. editors (2005) Social and cultural contributions to health, difference, and inequality. Volume II: The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Oberlander J, Churchill LR, Estroff SE, Henderson GE, King NMP, et al. editors (2005) Health policy, markets, and medicine. Volume III: The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Porter D, Porter R (1988). "What was social medicine? An historiographical essay". J Hist Sociol. 1 (1): 90–106. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1988.tb00005.x. PMID 11617341.
  • Stonington S, Holmes SM (2006). "Social medicine in the twenty-first century". PLOS Med. 3 (10): e445. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030445. PMC 1621097. PMID 17523252.

External links

  • Introduction to the journal: Social Medicine
  • What is social medicine?

May 05, 2023
social, medicine, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, january, 2014, learn, when, remove, this, template, message,. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The field of social medicine seeks to implement social care throughunderstanding how social and economic conditions impact health disease and the practice of medicine and fostering conditions in which this understanding can lead to a healthier society A group of Chilean Damas de Rojo volunteers on their local hospital and an example of social medicine Social medicine as a scientific field gradually began in the early 19th century the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent increase in poverty and disease among workers raised concerns about the effect of social processes on the health of the poor The field of social medicine is most commonly addressed today by public health efforts to understand what are known as social determinants of health 1 Contents 1 Scope 2 Social care 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksScope EditThe major emphasis on biomedical science in medical education 2 health care and medical research has resulted into a gap with our understanding and acknowledgement of far more important social determinants of public health and individual disease social economic inequalities war illiteracy detrimental life styles smoking obesity discrimination because of race gender and religion Farmer et al 2006 gave the following explanation for this gap 3 The holy grail of modern medicine remains the search for a molecular basis of disease While the practical yield of such circumscribed inquiry has been enormous exclusive focus on molecular level phenomena has contributed to the increasing desocialization of scientific inquiry a tendency to ask only biological questions about what are in fact biosocial phenomena They further concluded that Biosocial understandings of medical phenomena are urgently needed 3 Social care EditSocial care traditionally takes a different look at issues of impairment and disability by adopting a holistic perspective on health The social model was developed as a direct response to the medical model the social model sees barriers physical attitudinal and behavioural not just as a biomedical issue but as caused in part by the society we live in as a product of the physical organizational and social worlds that lead to discrimination Oliver 1996 French 1993 Oliver and Barnes 1993 Social care advocates equality of opportunities for vulnerable sections of society 4 History EditGerman physician Rudolf Virchow 1821 1902 laid foundations for this model Other prominent figures in the history of social medicine beginning from the 20th century include Salvador Allende Henry E Sigerist Thomas McKeown 5 Victor W Sidel 6 Howard Waitzkin and more recently Paul Farmer 7 and Jim Yong Kim In The Second Sickness Waitzkin traces the history of social medicine from Engels through Virchow and Allende 8 Waitzkin has sought to educate North Americans about the contributions of Latin American Social Medicine 9 10 In 1976 the British public health scientist and health care critic Thomas McKeown MD published The role of medicine Dream mirage or nemesis wherein he summarized facts and arguments that supported what became known as McKeown s thesis i e that the growth of population can be attributed to a decline in mortality from infectious diseases primarily thanks to better nutrition later also to better hygiene and only marginally and late to medical interventions such as antibiotics and vaccines 11 McKeown was heavily criticized for his controversial ideas but is nowadays remembered as the founder of social medicine 12 See also EditEpidemiology Medical anthropology Medical sociology Social determinants of health in poverty Social epidemiology Social psychology Socialized medicine Society for Social MedicineReferences Edit Trout L Kramer C Fischer L Dec 2018 Social Medicine in Practice Health and Human Rights 20 2 19 30 PMC 6293359 PMID 30568399 Hixon Allen L Yamada Seiji Farmer Paul E Maskarinec Gregory G 2013 01 16 Social justice The heart of medical education Social Medicine 7 3 161 168 ISSN 1557 7112 a b Farmer Paul Bruce Nizeye Sarah Stulac and Salmaan Keshavjee 2006 Structural violence and clinical medicine PLOS Medicine v 3 10 e449 10 e449 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 0030449 PMC 1621099 PMID 17076568 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Kieran Walshe Judith Smith 1 September 2011 Healthcare Management McGraw Hill Education UK pp 261 ISBN 978 0 335 24382 2 McKeown Thomas and Lowe C R 1966 An Introduction to Social Medicine Oxford and Edinburgh Blackwell Scientific Publications a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Anderson Matthew Smith Clyde Lanford Lanny 2013 11 03 Honoring Vic Sidel Social Medicine 7 3 117 119 ISSN 1557 7112 Farmer Paul 2002 Social medicine and the challenge of biosocial research In Opolka U Schoop H editors Innovative Structures in Basic Research Ringberg Symposium 4 7 October 2000 Munchen Max Planck Gesellschaft pp 55 73 Howard Waitzkin 2000 The second sickness contradictions of capitalist health care Rev and updated ed Lanham Md Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 9780847698875 OCLC 42295890 Waitzkin Howard Iriart Celia Estrada Alfredo Lamadrid Silvia 2001 10 01 Social Medicine Then and Now Lessons From Latin America American Journal of Public Health 91 10 1592 1601 doi 10 2105 AJPH 91 10 1592 ISSN 0090 0036 PMC 1446835 PMID 11574316 Waitzkin Howard Iriart Celia Estrada Alfredo Lamadrid Silvia 2001 07 28 Social medicine in Latin America productivity and dangers facing the major national groups The Lancet 358 9278 315 323 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 01 05488 5 ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 11498235 S2CID 38877645 McKeown Thomas 1976 The Role of Medicine Dream Mirage or Nemesis The Rock Carlington Fellow 1976 London UK Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust ISBN 978 0 900574 24 5 Deaton Angus 2013 The Great Escape Health wealth and the origins of inequality Princeton and Oxford Princeton University Press pp 91 93 ISBN 978 0 691 15354 4 McKeown s views updated to modern circumstances are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life BibliographySocial Medicine http journals sfu ca socialmedicine index php socialmedicine index Social Medicine Portal http www socialmedicine org Porter D 2006 How Did Social Medicine Evolve and Where Is It Heading PLOS Med 3 10 e399 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 0030399 PMC 1621092 PMID 17076552 Matthew R Anderson Lanny Smith and Victor W Sidel What is Social Medicine Monthly Review 56 8 http www monthlyreview org 0105anderson htm King NMP Strauss RP Churchill LR Estroff SE Henderson GE et al editors 2005 Patients doctors and illness Volume I The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham Duke University Press Henderson GE Estroff SE Churchill LR King NMP Oberlander J et al editors 2005 Social and cultural contributions to health difference and inequality Volume II The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham Duke University Press Oberlander J Churchill LR Estroff SE Henderson GE King NMP et al editors 2005 Health policy markets and medicine Volume III The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham Duke University Press Porter D Porter R 1988 What was social medicine An historiographical essay J Hist Sociol 1 1 90 106 doi 10 1111 j 1467 6443 1988 tb00005 x PMID 11617341 Stonington S Holmes SM 2006 Social medicine in the twenty first century PLOS Med 3 10 e445 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 0030445 PMC 1621097 PMID 17523252 External links EditIntroduction to the journal Social Medicine What is social medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Social medicine amp oldid 1151199132, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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