The size–weight illusion, also known as the Charpentier illusion, is named after the FrenchphysicianAugustin Charpentier[1] because he was the first to demonstrate the illusion experimentally.[2][3][4] It is also called De Moor's illusion, named after Belgian physician Jean Demoor (1867–1941).[5]
The illusion occurs when a person underestimates the weight of a larger object (e.g. a box) when compared to a smaller object of the same mass. The illusion also occurs when the objects are not lifted against gravity, but accelerated horizontally, so it should be called a size-mass illusion.[6] Similar illusions occurs with differences in material and colour: metal containers feel lighter than wooden containers of the same size and mass,[7] and darker objects feel heavier than brighter objects of the same size and mass.[8][9] These illusions have all been described as contrast with the expected weight,[10] although the size-weight illusion occurs independent of visual estimates of the volume of material[11] and the illusion does not depend on expectations, but occurs also if visual size information is only provided while already lifting.[12] The expected weight or density can be measured by matching visible and hidden weights, lifted in the same manner. This gives an expected density of about 1.7 for metal canisters and 0.14 for polystyrene blocks.[13] Density expectations may assist in selecting suitable objects to throw.[14]
Explanationedit
An early explanation of these illusions was that people judge the weight of an object from its appearance and then lift it with a pre-determined force. They expect a larger object to be heavier and therefore lift it with greater force: the larger object is then lifted more easily than the smaller one, causing it to be perceived as lighter.[15] This hypothesis was disproved by an experiment in which two objects of the same mass, same cross section, but different height were placed on observers' supported hands, and produced a passive size–weight illusion.[16] Recent studies have also shown that the lifting force quickly adapts to the true mass of the objects, but the size–weight illusion remains.[17][18][19] The illusion therefore cannot be explained by the manner of lifting, and must be due to some perceptual rescaling based on prior expectations. The rescaling has been described as sub-optimal (anti-Bayesian), in that the central nervous system integrates prior expectations with current proprioceptive information in a way that emphasises the unexpected information rather than taking an average of all information.[19][20] It has also recently been suggested that the illusion may not be anti-Bayesian, but may instead rely on more complex yet still optimal inference processes than traditionally suggested.[21]
Other models describe the rescaling as partly beneficial, in that it enhances discrimination. Contrast effects are common in many perceptual modalities, and are similar to physiological adaptation. Adaptation can be explained as a change in the gain of the system, the gain being set to the appropriate level for maximum discrimination and for protection against sensory overload. Contrast effects may similarly be related to efficient neural coding.[19] If the selected range is either too high or too low, as in the size–weight illusion, there is both a contrast illusion and a loss of discrimination. It has been found that weight discrimination deteriorates if objects are lighter than their expected density,[22][23] or heavier than their expected density.[22] Models of this type can account for perceptual rescaling without involving the manner of lifting.
It has also been demonstrated that, taking three empty matchboxes, and putting a weight in one of them, the weighted box lifted on its own feels heavier than all three boxes lifted together with the heavy one on top.[24][25][26]
^Charpentier, A (1891). "Analyse experimentale: De quelques elements de la sensation de poids [Experimental study of some aspects of weight perception]". Arch Physiol Norm Pathol. 3: 122–135.
^Koseleff, P (1957). "Studies in the perception of heaviness". Acta Psychol. 13: 242–252. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(57)90023-9.
^Murray, D J; Ellis, R R; Bandomir, C A; Ross, H E (1999). "Charpentier (1891) on the size-weight illusion". Percept Psychophys. 61 (8): 1681–1685. doi:10.3758/bf03213127. PMID 10598479.
^Nicolas, S; Ross, H E; Murray, D J (2012). "Charpentier's papers of 1886 and 1891 on weight perception and the size-weight illusion". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 115 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2466/24.22.27.PMS.115.4.120-141. PMID 23033750. S2CID 35509359.
^Huang, I. (1 July 1945). "The Size-Weight Illusion in Relation to the Perceptual Constancies". The Journal of General Psychology. 33 (1): 43–63. doi:10.1080/00221309.1945.10544494. ISSN 0022-1309.
^Plaisier, Myrthe A.; Smeets, Jeroen B. J. (2012-08-09). Paul, Friedemann (ed.). "Mass Is All That Matters in the Size–Weight Illusion". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e42518. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...742518P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042518. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC3415412. PMID 22912704.
^Seashore, C E (1899). "Some psychological statistics.2. The material weight illusion". Univ Iowa Stud Psychol. 2: 36–46.
^De Camp, J E (1917). "The influence of color on apparent weight: a preliminary study". J Exp Psychol. 2 (5): 347–370. doi:10.1037/h0075903.
^Payne Jr., M. Carr (1958). "Apparent weight as a function of color". The American Journal of Psychology. 71 (4): 725–730. doi:10.2307/1420330. JSTOR 1420330. PMID 13627281.
^Jones, LA (1986). "Perception of force and weight: theory and research". Psychol Bull. 100 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.29. PMID 2942958.
^Plaisier, Myrthe A.; Smeets, Jeroen B.J. (November 2016). "Object size can influence perceived weight independent of visual estimates of the volume of material". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17719. doi:10.1038/srep17719. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC4667212. PMID 26626051.
^Plaisier, Myrthe A.; Kuling, Irene A.; Brenner, Eli; Smeets, Jeroen B. J. (June 2019). "When Does One Decide How Heavy an Object Feels While Picking It Up?". Psychological Science. 30 (6): 822–829. doi:10.1177/0956797619837981. ISSN 0956-7976. PMC6560521. PMID 30917092.
^Ross, H.E. (1969). "When is a weight not illusory?". Q J Exp Psychol. 21 (4): 346–355. doi:10.1080/14640746908400230. PMID 5378275. S2CID 41020343.
^Zhu, Q; Bingham, G (2010). "Learning to perceive the affordance for long-distance throwing: Smart mechanism or function learning?". J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 36 (4): 862–875. CiteSeerX10.1.1.992.1738. doi:10.1037/a0018738. PMID 20695705.
^Müller GE, Schumann F. Über die psychologischen Grundlagen der Vergleichung gehobener Gewichte. Pflügers Arch XLV: 37–112, 1889.
^Usnadze, D (1931). "Über die Gewichtstauschung und ihre Analoga [Aspects of weight illusions]". Psychol Forsch. 14: 366–379. doi:10.1007/bf00403879. S2CID 144645843.
^Mon-Williams, M; Murray, A H (2000). "The size of the visual size cue used for programming manipulative forces during precision grip". Exp Brain Res. 135 (3): 405–410. doi:10.1007/s002210000538. PMID 11146818. S2CID 23921941.
^Flanagan, J R; Beltzner, M A (2000). "Independence of perceptual and sensorimotor predictions in the size-weight illusion". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (7): 737–741. doi:10.1038/76701. PMID 10862708. S2CID 205096833.
^ abcBrayanov, J; Smith (2010). "Anti-Bayesian" biases in sensory integration for action and perception in the size–weight illusion". J Neurophysiol. 103 (3): 1518–1531. doi:10.1152/jn.00814.2009. PMC4422348. PMID 20089821.
^Ernst, M O (2009). "Perceptual learning: inverting the size-weight illusion". Curr Biol. 19 (1): R23–R25. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.039. PMID 19138585.
^Peters, Megan A.K.; Ma, Wei Ji; Shams, Ladan (2016-06-16). "The Size-Weight Illusion is not anti-Bayesian after all: a unifying Bayesian account". PeerJ. 4: e2124. doi:10.7717/peerj.2124. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC4918219. PMID 27350899.
^ abRoss, H E; Gregory, R L (1970). "Weight illusions and weight discrimination - a revised hypothesis". Q J Exp Psychol. 22 (2): 318–328. doi:10.1080/00335557043000267. PMID 5431405. S2CID 41129834.
^Jones, L F; Burgess, P R (1998). "Neural gain changes subserving perceptual acuity". Somatosensory Motor Res. 15 (3): 190–199. doi:10.1080/08990229870754. PMID 9874518.
^"Three Card Box Illusion". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19.
^Koseleff, Paul (December 1937). "Eine Modifikation des "Charpentier-Effektes"". Psychologische Forschung. 21 (1): 142–145. doi:10.1007/BF02441205. S2CID 144221181.
size, weight, illusion, size, weight, illusion, also, known, charpentier, illusion, named, after, french, physician, augustin, charpentier, because, first, demonstrate, illusion, experimentally, also, called, moor, illusion, named, after, belgian, physician, j. The size weight illusion also known as the Charpentier illusion is named after the French physician Augustin Charpentier 1 because he was the first to demonstrate the illusion experimentally 2 3 4 It is also called De Moor s illusion named after Belgian physician Jean Demoor 1867 1941 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Explanation 3 See also 4 ReferencesDescription editThe illusion occurs when a person underestimates the weight of a larger object e g a box when compared to a smaller object of the same mass The illusion also occurs when the objects are not lifted against gravity but accelerated horizontally so it should be called a size mass illusion 6 Similar illusions occurs with differences in material and colour metal containers feel lighter than wooden containers of the same size and mass 7 and darker objects feel heavier than brighter objects of the same size and mass 8 9 These illusions have all been described as contrast with the expected weight 10 although the size weight illusion occurs independent of visual estimates of the volume of material 11 and the illusion does not depend on expectations but occurs also if visual size information is only provided while already lifting 12 The expected weight or density can be measured by matching visible and hidden weights lifted in the same manner This gives an expected density of about 1 7 for metal canisters and 0 14 for polystyrene blocks 13 Density expectations may assist in selecting suitable objects to throw 14 Explanation editAn early explanation of these illusions was that people judge the weight of an object from its appearance and then lift it with a pre determined force They expect a larger object to be heavier and therefore lift it with greater force the larger object is then lifted more easily than the smaller one causing it to be perceived as lighter 15 This hypothesis was disproved by an experiment in which two objects of the same mass same cross section but different height were placed on observers supported hands and produced a passive size weight illusion 16 Recent studies have also shown that the lifting force quickly adapts to the true mass of the objects but the size weight illusion remains 17 18 19 The illusion therefore cannot be explained by the manner of lifting and must be due to some perceptual rescaling based on prior expectations The rescaling has been described as sub optimal anti Bayesian in that the central nervous system integrates prior expectations with current proprioceptive information in a way that emphasises the unexpected information rather than taking an average of all information 19 20 It has also recently been suggested that the illusion may not be anti Bayesian but may instead rely on more complex yet still optimal inference processes than traditionally suggested 21 Other models describe the rescaling as partly beneficial in that it enhances discrimination Contrast effects are common in many perceptual modalities and are similar to physiological adaptation Adaptation can be explained as a change in the gain of the system the gain being set to the appropriate level for maximum discrimination and for protection against sensory overload Contrast effects may similarly be related to efficient neural coding 19 If the selected range is either too high or too low as in the size weight illusion there is both a contrast illusion and a loss of discrimination It has been found that weight discrimination deteriorates if objects are lighter than their expected density 22 23 or heavier than their expected density 22 Models of this type can account for perceptual rescaling without involving the manner of lifting It has also been demonstrated that taking three empty matchboxes and putting a weight in one of them the weighted box lifted on its own feels heavier than all three boxes lifted together with the heavy one on top 24 25 26 See also editShrinkflationReferences edit Charpentier A 1891 Analyse experimentale De quelques elements de la sensation de poids Experimental study of some aspects of weight perception Arch Physiol Norm Pathol 3 122 135 Koseleff P 1957 Studies in the perception of heaviness Acta Psychol 13 242 252 doi 10 1016 0001 6918 57 90023 9 Murray D J Ellis R R Bandomir C A Ross H E 1999 Charpentier 1891 on the size weight illusion Percept Psychophys 61 8 1681 1685 doi 10 3758 bf03213127 PMID 10598479 Nicolas S Ross H E Murray D J 2012 Charpentier s papers of 1886 and 1891 on weight perception and the size weight illusion Perceptual and Motor Skills 115 1 1 23 doi 10 2466 24 22 27 PMS 115 4 120 141 PMID 23033750 S2CID 35509359 Huang I 1 July 1945 The Size Weight Illusion in Relation to the Perceptual Constancies The Journal of General Psychology 33 1 43 63 doi 10 1080 00221309 1945 10544494 ISSN 0022 1309 Plaisier Myrthe A Smeets Jeroen B J 2012 08 09 Paul Friedemann ed Mass Is All That Matters in the Size Weight Illusion PLOS ONE 7 8 e42518 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 742518P doi 10 1371 journal pone 0042518 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3415412 PMID 22912704 Seashore C E 1899 Some psychological statistics 2 The material weight illusion Univ Iowa Stud Psychol 2 36 46 De Camp J E 1917 The influence of color on apparent weight a preliminary study J Exp Psychol 2 5 347 370 doi 10 1037 h0075903 Payne Jr M Carr 1958 Apparent weight as a function of color The American Journal of Psychology 71 4 725 730 doi 10 2307 1420330 JSTOR 1420330 PMID 13627281 Jones LA 1986 Perception of force and weight theory and research Psychol Bull 100 1 29 42 doi 10 1037 0033 2909 100 1 29 PMID 2942958 Plaisier Myrthe A Smeets Jeroen B J November 2016 Object size can influence perceived weight independent of visual estimates of the volume of material Scientific Reports 5 1 17719 doi 10 1038 srep17719 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 4667212 PMID 26626051 Plaisier Myrthe A Kuling Irene A Brenner Eli Smeets Jeroen B J June 2019 When Does One Decide How Heavy an Object Feels While Picking It Up Psychological Science 30 6 822 829 doi 10 1177 0956797619837981 ISSN 0956 7976 PMC 6560521 PMID 30917092 Ross H E 1969 When is a weight not illusory Q J Exp Psychol 21 4 346 355 doi 10 1080 14640746908400230 PMID 5378275 S2CID 41020343 Zhu Q Bingham G 2010 Learning to perceive the affordance for long distance throwing Smart mechanism or function learning J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 36 4 862 875 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 992 1738 doi 10 1037 a0018738 PMID 20695705 Muller GE Schumann F Uber die psychologischen Grundlagen der Vergleichung gehobener Gewichte Pflugers Arch XLV 37 112 1889 Usnadze D 1931 Uber die Gewichtstauschung und ihre Analoga Aspects of weight illusions Psychol Forsch 14 366 379 doi 10 1007 bf00403879 S2CID 144645843 Mon Williams M Murray A H 2000 The size of the visual size cue used for programming manipulative forces during precision grip Exp Brain Res 135 3 405 410 doi 10 1007 s002210000538 PMID 11146818 S2CID 23921941 Flanagan J R Beltzner M A 2000 Independence of perceptual and sensorimotor predictions in the size weight illusion Nature Neuroscience 3 7 737 741 doi 10 1038 76701 PMID 10862708 S2CID 205096833 a b c Brayanov J Smith 2010 Anti Bayesian biases in sensory integration for action and perception in the size weight illusion J Neurophysiol 103 3 1518 1531 doi 10 1152 jn 00814 2009 PMC 4422348 PMID 20089821 Ernst M O 2009 Perceptual learning inverting the size weight illusion Curr Biol 19 1 R23 R25 doi 10 1016 j cub 2008 10 039 PMID 19138585 Peters Megan A K Ma Wei Ji Shams Ladan 2016 06 16 The Size Weight Illusion is not anti Bayesian after all a unifying Bayesian account PeerJ 4 e2124 doi 10 7717 peerj 2124 ISSN 2167 8359 PMC 4918219 PMID 27350899 a b Ross H E Gregory R L 1970 Weight illusions and weight discrimination a revised hypothesis Q J Exp Psychol 22 2 318 328 doi 10 1080 00335557043000267 PMID 5431405 S2CID 41129834 Jones L F Burgess P R 1998 Neural gain changes subserving perceptual acuity Somatosensory Motor Res 15 3 190 199 doi 10 1080 08990229870754 PMID 9874518 Three Card Box Illusion YouTube Archived from the original on 2021 12 19 Koseleff Paul December 1937 Eine Modifikation des Charpentier Effektes Psychologische Forschung 21 1 142 145 doi 10 1007 BF02441205 S2CID 144221181 Firestone Chaz Gross Steven Won Isabel Impossible Somatosensation psyarxiv com Retrieved 2019 06 06 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Size weight illusion amp oldid 1218951989, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
