Cuban silver certificates (Spanish: Certificado De Plata) were banknotes issued by the Cuban government between 1934 and 1949 (and circulated from 1935 to the early 1950s). Prior and subsequent issues of Cuban banknotes were engraved and printed by nongovernmental private bank note companies in the United States, but the series from 1934 to 1949 were designed, engraved, and printed by the US government at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP).[1][2][3]
BEP progress proof reverse for a 1930s Cuban 100 peso silver certificate depicting the Cuban coat of arms.
The first Cuban banknotes were issued in 1857 for the El Banco Español De La Habana.[4][nb 1] Beginning in the late 1860s, Cuba contracted the National Bank Note Company (NBNC) for two issues of banknotes in 1869[5] and 1872.[6] After absorbing NBNC, the American Bank Note Company (ABNC) engraved and printed Cuban banknotes for issues in 1889,[6] 1896,[7] 1897,[8] 1905 for the National Bank of Cuba,[9] 1944,[10] and a 1949–50 issue for the Banco Nacional De Cuba (printed until 1960).[10] Between 1905 and the introduction of BEP issued Cuban silver certificates in 1934, no banknotes were produced.[11]
Cuban silver certificates made by the Bureau of Engraving and Printingedit
República de Cuba, one silver peso (1936)
The legal foundation for the issuance of Cuban silver certificates began with a Cuban law passed on 10 May 1933 that authorized the production of $6,000,000 in silver pesos[12] in order to back an equal number of silver certificates.[13] On 11 December 1933, the Cuban government had announced that it planned to issue a total of $17,000,000 in silver certificates.[14] In a letter dated 2 March 1934, Cuban Ambassador Manuel Márquez Sterling wrote to Secretary of State Cordell Hull requesting that the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) prepare silver certificates on behalf of the Republic of Cuba.[15] The coining of Cuban silver pesos began pursuant to Decree-Law No. 93 (22 March 1934)[16] and it was announced that both the coins and banknotes would be produced by the United States.[17] Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. gave initial authorization to the Cuban request to engage the BEP on 23 April 1934.[18] Though not exhaustive, there were several additional legal changes to Cuba's financial infrastructure. Silver certificates could be used to pay duties, taxes and other fees, without limit (Decree-Law No. 153, 19 April 1934)[16] and should be accepted in the same manner as silver coins (Decree-Law No. 176, 27 April 1934).[16] On 11 May 1934 the design process began at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[19]
Development and productionedit
The physical specifications for the Cuban issue were roughly the same size as US notes – printed on the same Crane & Co. 75% linen 25% cotton blend (but only containing red security fibers versus red and blue).[20] The seal and serial numbers printed in red, 12 notes per sheet, with the facsimile signatures of the Secretario de Hacienda (left) and Presidente de la República (right).[20]
Approval signature of Eduardo I. Montoulieu on a BEP artist proof
Approval is required at major stages in the design of any currency. BEP procedure at the time required an approval signature on the artist's renderings and proof mock-ups. Eduardo I. Montoulieu served as an authorized delegate of the Cuban government during the design and engraving phases.[21] In 1915, Montoulieu served as a technical representative for Cuba during the minting of Cuban coins at the Philadelphia Mint.[22] His approval of the Series 1934 BEP designs can be seen on the background matte. Montoulieu would later become Cuban Treasury Secretary three times during two administrations.[23][24][25]
On 25 June 1934, Cuban Secretary of Communications Gabriel Landa replaced outgoing Treasury Secretary Saenz.[27] Four months later (29 October 1934), Landa was replaced by Manuel Despaigne and became Secretary of National Defense.[28] He resigned his cabinet position at the end of November, three weeks before an arrest warrant was issued (15 December 1934)[43] charging him with embezzlement.[44][nb 7] The BEP received instructions from the Cuban government to replace the Landa signature with Despaigne which was put into effect in December 1934.[45] A small number of one and five peso notes with Landa's signature had already been printed but were never issued.[45] Original art and mock-ups for both versions (part of the National Numismatic Collection, NMAH) can be seen in the tables below.
Original art and progress proofs for BEP-issued Cuban silver certificates (Series 1934)
Value
Art/progress proof (v1)
Art/progress proof (v2)
Certified proof
1 peso
5 pesos
10 pesos
20 pesos
50 pesos
Series 1936edit
Original progress proofs and certified proofs[nb 8] for Series 1936 Cuban silver certificates[nb 9]
^In denominations of 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1,000 pesos.[4]
^In chronological order from 1934 to 1949: Joaquin Martinez Saenz,[26] Dr. Gabriel Landa,[27] Manuel Despaigne (third non-consecutive appointment),[28] Ricardo Ponce,[29] Dr. German Wolter del Rio,[30] Dr. Manuel Dorta Duque,[31] Eduardo I. Montoulieu (first appointment),[23] Dr. Manuel Gimenez Lanier,[32] Amadeo Lopez Castro,[33] Dr. Oscar Garcia Montes,[34] Dr. Joaquin Ochotorena,[35] Eduardo I. Montoulieu (second non-consecutive appointment),[24] Andres Domingo y Morales del Castillo,[36] Dr. Oscar Garcia Montes (second non-consecutive appointment),[37] Jose Miguel Irisarri,[25] Eduardo I. Montoulieu (third non-consecutive appointment),[25] Dr. Mario Diaz Cruz,[38] Dr. Manuel F. Supervielle,[39] Jorge Ruiz Cerda,[40] Isauro Valdes Moreno,[40] and Antonio Prío Socarrás.[41]
^The 100 peso note (1936) was signed by Wolter del Rio and Máximo Gómez.
^The 500 peso note was engraved and printed by ABNC and is not included in the number of notes received.
^According to the New York Times report, "it is problematical whether the charge can be pressed since the money alleged to have been misappropriated was taken from secret funds legally granted to the Secretary of the Treasury by a Presidential decree and for which no accounting was required.
^The bottom selvage of BEP certified proofs contain the date of the proof impression and the necessary approval signatures to begin production of the basic plate printing (prior to the addition of any overprints containing color tints or seals and serial numbers).
^BEP certified proof dates for the Series 1936 notes (in ascending denominational order): 30 April 1936, 27 April 1936, 13 April 1936, 21 April 1936, 20 April 1936, and 9 April 1937.
^There were no changes in portraits during the Silver certificate issue. The two ANBC-issued denominations of 500 and 1,000 pesos depicted Salvador Cisneros Betancourt and Tomás Estrada Palma respectively.[10]
Notesedit
^Phillips, J.D. (24 March 1934). "$10,000,000 Silver Ordered by Cuba". The New York Times. p. 6 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Chase Gets Award for Cuba's Silver". The New York Times. 20 May 1933. p. 2 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuba Plans to Coin $6,000,000 in Silver". The New York Times. 9 May 1933. p. 2 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuba is Planning Currency Increase". The New York Times. 12 December 1933. p. 2 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^ abc"Cuban Currency Legislation". Federal Reserve Bulletin. 20 (7). Federal Reserve Board: 468–71. 1934.
^Phillips, J.D. (24 March 1934). "$10,000,000 Silver Ordered by Cuba". The New York Times. p. 6 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuba Will Purchase $10,000,000 in Silver". The New York Times. 13 November 1934. p. 13 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^Alfonso, Manuel F. (1915). Cuba Before the World: A Comprehensive and Descriptive Account of the Republic of Cuba From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. The Souvenir Guide of Cuba Co. p. 152.
^ ab"Quits Cuban Cabinet Post". The New York Times. 11 March 1937. p. 16 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^ ab"Cuban Treasury Head Resigns". The New York Times. 19 May 1940. p. 23 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^ abc"Gets Treasury Post in Cuba". The New York Times. 7 May 1943. p. 5 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"ABC Leader Takes High Cuban Office". The New York Times. 22 January 1934. p. 8 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^ ab"Cabinet Resigns in Cuban Crisis". The New York Times. 26 June 1934. p. 11 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^ ab"Cuban Cabinet Changed". The New York Times. 30 October 1934. p. 7 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuban Official Resigns". The New York Times. 9 October 1936. p. 9 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Duque Named to Cuban Post". The New York Times. 10 October 1936. p. 2 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Shifts in Cuban Cabinet". The New York Times. 24 March 1937. p. 15 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cabinet is Appointed by Cuban President". The New York Times. 11 August 1938. p. 5 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Two Get Cuban Cabinet Posts". The New York Times. 6 October 1938. p. 11 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"4 Members Resign From Cuban Cabinet". The New York Times. 27 May 1939. p. 6 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Batista's Cabinet Announced in Cuba". The New York Times. 9 October 1940. p. 8 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuba's New Cabinet Takes Oath of Office". The New York Times. 18 July 1941. p. 3 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuba Switches 2 Ministers". The New York Times. 12 August 1944. p. 5 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Dr. Grau Assumes Cuban Presidency". The New York Times. 11 October 1944. p. 13 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^ ab"Cuba Names Treasury Minister". The New York Times. 27 June 1947. p. 10 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuban Cabinet Aide Quits". The New York Times. 4 January 1950. p. 20 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Batista Bids Foes Attempt No Rising". The New York Times. 16 December 1934. p. 35 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
^"Cuban Strike is Laid to Political Fights". The New York Times. 14 March 1935. p. 3 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010).
Hessler, Gene (1993). The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art. BNR Press. ISBN0-931960-36-3.
Riera Hernandez, Mario (1968). (in Spanish). Colonial Press of Miami. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
Shafer, Neil (2001). "1934–1949 Silver Certificates of Cuba Made by the U.S. BEP". Paper Money. 40 (5). Society of Paper Money Collectors: 298–307.
Further readingedit
Schwulst, Earl B.; Welles, Sumner (1935). "A Project to Establish a Cuban Monetary System and to Stabilize the Cuban Currency". Federal Reserve Archive.
January 01, 1970
silver, certificate, cuba, cuban, silver, certificates, spanish, certificado, plata, were, banknotes, issued, cuban, government, between, 1934, 1949, circulated, from, 1935, early, 1950s, prior, subsequent, issues, cuban, banknotes, were, engraved, printed, no. Cuban silver certificates Spanish Certificado De Plata were banknotes issued by the Cuban government between 1934 and 1949 and circulated from 1935 to the early 1950s Prior and subsequent issues of Cuban banknotes were engraved and printed by nongovernmental private bank note companies in the United States but the series from 1934 to 1949 were designed engraved and printed by the US government at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing BEP 1 2 3 BEP progress proof reverse for a 1930s Cuban 100 peso silver certificate depicting the Cuban coat of arms The first Cuban banknotes were issued in 1857 for the El Banco Espanol De La Habana 4 nb 1 Beginning in the late 1860s Cuba contracted the National Bank Note Company NBNC for two issues of banknotes in 1869 5 and 1872 6 After absorbing NBNC the American Bank Note Company ABNC engraved and printed Cuban banknotes for issues in 1889 6 1896 7 1897 8 1905 for the National Bank of Cuba 9 1944 10 and a 1949 50 issue for the Banco Nacional De Cuba printed until 1960 10 Between 1905 and the introduction of BEP issued Cuban silver certificates in 1934 no banknotes were produced 11 Contents 1 Cuban silver certificates made by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing 1 1 Development and production 2 Issuance 2 1 Series 1934 2 2 Series 1936 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Footnotes 4 2 Notes 4 3 Bibliography 5 Further readingCuban silver certificates made by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing edit nbsp Republica de Cuba one silver peso 1936 The legal foundation for the issuance of Cuban silver certificates began with a Cuban law passed on 10 May 1933 that authorized the production of 6 000 000 in silver pesos 12 in order to back an equal number of silver certificates 13 On 11 December 1933 the Cuban government had announced that it planned to issue a total of 17 000 000 in silver certificates 14 In a letter dated 2 March 1934 Cuban Ambassador Manuel Marquez Sterling wrote to Secretary of State Cordell Hull requesting that the Bureau of Engraving and Printing BEP prepare silver certificates on behalf of the Republic of Cuba 15 The coining of Cuban silver pesos began pursuant to Decree Law No 93 22 March 1934 16 and it was announced that both the coins and banknotes would be produced by the United States 17 Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr gave initial authorization to the Cuban request to engage the BEP on 23 April 1934 18 Though not exhaustive there were several additional legal changes to Cuba s financial infrastructure Silver certificates could be used to pay duties taxes and other fees without limit Decree Law No 153 19 April 1934 16 and should be accepted in the same manner as silver coins Decree Law No 176 27 April 1934 16 On 11 May 1934 the design process began at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing 19 Development and production edit The physical specifications for the Cuban issue were roughly the same size as US notes printed on the same Crane amp Co 75 linen 25 cotton blend but only containing red security fibers versus red and blue 20 The seal and serial numbers printed in red 12 notes per sheet with the facsimile signatures of the Secretario de Hacienda left and Presidente de la Republica right 20 nbsp Approval signature of Eduardo I Montoulieu on a BEP artist proof Approval is required at major stages in the design of any currency BEP procedure at the time required an approval signature on the artist s renderings and proof mock ups Eduardo I Montoulieu served as an authorized delegate of the Cuban government during the design and engraving phases 21 In 1915 Montoulieu served as a technical representative for Cuba during the minting of Cuban coins at the Philadelphia Mint 22 His approval of the Series 1934 BEP designs can be seen on the background matte Montoulieu would later become Cuban Treasury Secretary three times during two administrations 23 24 25 Issuance editBetween 1934 when the BEP was engaged to produce the silver certificates and 1949 the delivery of the last series of notes Cuba s government was fairly volatile In the space of 15 years Cuba had seven leaders Carlos Mendieta Jose Agripino Barnet Miguel Mariano Gomez Federico Laredo Bru Fulgencio Batista Ramon Grau and Carlos Prio Socarras In the same period of time Cuba s Ministry of the Treasury changed leadership at least 20 times nb 2 Overview summary by series of Cuban silver certificates 3 42 Series Secretario de Hacienda Presidente de la Republica Denominations Peso Issue 1934 Gabriel Landa Manuel Despaigne Carlos Mendieta 1 5 10 20 50 7 930 000 notes received 1935 1936 nb 3 Ricardo Ponce Jose Agripino Barnet 1 5 10 20 50 100 2 295 000 notes received 1936 nb 4 1936A German Wolter del Rio Maximo Gomez 1 5 10 20 50 4 325 000 notes received 1936 nb 5 1938 Manuel Gimenez Lanier Federico Laredo Bru 1 5 10 20 50 100 19 028 000 notes received 1938 42 1943 Eduardo I Montoulieu Fulgencio Batista 1 5 10 20 50 100 12 966 800 notes received 1945 1944 500 1000 ABNC issue 1945 Manuel Fernandez Supervielle Ramon Grau 1 5 10 20 100 500 nb 6 13 230 400 notes received 1945 1947 500 1000 ABNC issue 1948 Isauro Valdes Moreno Ramon Grau 1 5 10 20 50 100 14 623 000 notes received 1948 1949 Antonio Prio Socarras Carlos Prio Socarras 1 5 6 940 000 notes received 1949 Series 1934 edit On 25 June 1934 Cuban Secretary of Communications Gabriel Landa replaced outgoing Treasury Secretary Saenz 27 Four months later 29 October 1934 Landa was replaced by Manuel Despaigne and became Secretary of National Defense 28 He resigned his cabinet position at the end of November three weeks before an arrest warrant was issued 15 December 1934 43 charging him with embezzlement 44 nb 7 The BEP received instructions from the Cuban government to replace the Landa signature with Despaigne which was put into effect in December 1934 45 A small number of one and five peso notes with Landa s signature had already been printed but were never issued 45 Original art and mock ups for both versions part of the National Numismatic Collection NMAH can be seen in the tables below Original art and progress proofs for BEP issued Cuban silver certificates Series 1934 Value Art progress proof v1 Art progress proof v2 Certified proof 1 peso nbsp nbsp 5 pesos nbsp nbsp 10 pesos nbsp nbsp nbsp 20 pesos nbsp nbsp nbsp 50 pesos nbsp nbsp nbsp Series 1936 edit Original progress proofs and certified proofs nb 8 for Series 1936 Cuban silver certificates nb 9 Value Art Progress proofs Certified proofs Portrait nb 10 1 peso nbsp nbsp Jose MartiEngraved by William Ford 46 nbsp nbsp 5 pesos nbsp nbsp Maximo GomezEngraved by William Ford 46 nbsp nbsp 10 pesos nbsp nbsp Carlos Manuel de CespedesEngraved by Sydney Smith 47 nbsp nbsp 20 pesos nbsp nbsp Antonio Maceo GrajalesEngraved by Elie Loizeaux 48 nbsp nbsp 50 pesos nbsp nbsp Calixto GarciaEngraved by Leo Kauffmann 49 nbsp nbsp 100 pesos nbsp nbsp Francisco Vicente AguileraEngraved by William Ford 46 nbsp nbsp See also editCuban peso Portals nbsp Money nbsp Numismatics nbsp CubaReferences editFootnotes edit In denominations of 50 100 300 500 and 1 000 pesos 4 In chronological order from 1934 to 1949 Joaquin Martinez Saenz 26 Dr Gabriel Landa 27 Manuel Despaigne third non consecutive appointment 28 Ricardo Ponce 29 Dr German Wolter del Rio 30 Dr Manuel Dorta Duque 31 Eduardo I Montoulieu first appointment 23 Dr Manuel Gimenez Lanier 32 Amadeo Lopez Castro 33 Dr Oscar Garcia Montes 34 Dr Joaquin Ochotorena 35 Eduardo I Montoulieu second non consecutive appointment 24 Andres Domingo y Morales del Castillo 36 Dr Oscar Garcia Montes second non consecutive appointment 37 Jose Miguel Irisarri 25 Eduardo I Montoulieu third non consecutive appointment 25 Dr Mario Diaz Cruz 38 Dr Manuel F Supervielle 39 Jorge Ruiz Cerda 40 Isauro Valdes Moreno 40 and Antonio Prio Socarras 41 The 100 peso note 1936 was signed by Wolter del Rio and Maximo Gomez The 100 peso note received 1937 The one peso note received 1936 37 The 500 peso note was engraved and printed by ABNC and is not included in the number of notes received According to the New York Times report it is problematical whether the charge can be pressed since the money alleged to have been misappropriated was taken from secret funds legally granted to the Secretary of the Treasury by a Presidential decree and for which no accounting was required The bottom selvage of BEP certified proofs contain the date of the proof impression and the necessary approval signatures to begin production of the basic plate printing prior to the addition of any overprints containing color tints or seals and serial numbers BEP certified proof dates for the Series 1936 notes in ascending denominational order 30 April 1936 27 April 1936 13 April 1936 21 April 1936 20 April 1936 and 9 April 1937 There were no changes in portraits during the Silver certificate issue The two ANBC issued denominations of 500 and 1 000 pesos depicted Salvador Cisneros Betancourt and Tomas Estrada Palma respectively 10 Notes edit Phillips J D 24 March 1934 10 000 000 Silver Ordered by Cuba The New York Times p 6 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Shafer 2001 p 298 a b Cuhaj George S 2012 Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money Krause Publications pp 403 405 ISBN 978 1 4402 3087 5 permanent dead link a b Cuhaj 2012 p 397 Cuhaj 2012 p 398 a b Cuhaj 2012 p 399 Cuhaj 2012 p 401 Cuhaj 2012 p 402 Cuhaj 2012 p 403 a b c Cuhaj 2012 p 405 Cuhaj 2012 p 404 Chase Gets Award for Cuba s Silver The New York Times 20 May 1933 p 2 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cuba Plans to Coin 6 000 000 in Silver The New York Times 9 May 1933 p 2 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cuba is Planning Currency Increase The New York Times 12 December 1933 p 2 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Shafer 2001 p 300 a b c Cuban Currency Legislation Federal Reserve Bulletin 20 7 Federal Reserve Board 468 71 1934 Phillips J D 24 March 1934 10 000 000 Silver Ordered by Cuba The New York Times p 6 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Shafer 2001 p 301 Shafer 2001 p 302 a b Shafer 2001 p 303 Cuba Will Purchase 10 000 000 in Silver The New York Times 13 November 1934 p 13 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Alfonso Manuel F 1915 Cuba Before the World A Comprehensive and Descriptive Account of the Republic of Cuba From the Earliest Times to the Present Day The Souvenir Guide of Cuba Co p 152 a b Quits Cuban Cabinet Post The New York Times 11 March 1937 p 16 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 a b Cuban Treasury Head Resigns The New York Times 19 May 1940 p 23 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 a b c Gets Treasury Post in Cuba The New York Times 7 May 1943 p 5 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 ABC Leader Takes High Cuban Office The New York Times 22 January 1934 p 8 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 a b Cabinet Resigns in Cuban Crisis The New York Times 26 June 1934 p 11 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 a b Cuban Cabinet Changed The New York Times 30 October 1934 p 7 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Riera Hernandez 1968 p 155 Cuban Official Resigns The New York Times 9 October 1936 p 9 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Duque Named to Cuban Post The New York Times 10 October 1936 p 2 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Shifts in Cuban Cabinet The New York Times 24 March 1937 p 15 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cabinet is Appointed by Cuban President The New York Times 11 August 1938 p 5 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Two Get Cuban Cabinet Posts The New York Times 6 October 1938 p 11 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 4 Members Resign From Cuban Cabinet The New York Times 27 May 1939 p 6 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Batista s Cabinet Announced in Cuba The New York Times 9 October 1940 p 8 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cuba s New Cabinet Takes Oath of Office The New York Times 18 July 1941 p 3 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cuba Switches 2 Ministers The New York Times 12 August 1944 p 5 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Dr Grau Assumes Cuban Presidency The New York Times 11 October 1944 p 13 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 a b Cuba Names Treasury Minister The New York Times 27 June 1947 p 10 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cuban Cabinet Aide Quits The New York Times 4 January 1950 p 20 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Shafer 2001 pp 303 307 Batista Bids Foes Attempt No Rising The New York Times 16 December 1934 p 35 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 Cuban Strike is Laid to Political Fights The New York Times 14 March 1935 p 3 via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times 1851 2010 a b Shafer 2001 p 304 a b c Hessler 1993 p 122 Hessler 1993 p 294 Hessler 1993 p 203 Hessler 1993 p 186 Bibliography edit Cuhaj George S 2010 Paper Money General Issues 1368 1960 13 ed Krause Publications ISBN 978 1 4402 1293 2 permanent dead link Hessler Gene 1993 The Engraver s Line An Encyclopedia of Paper Money amp Postage Stamp Art BNR Press ISBN 0 931960 36 3 Riera Hernandez Mario 1968 Cuba Libre 1895 1958 Resumen Historico in Spanish Colonial Press of Miami Archived from the original on 2016 03 08 Retrieved 2014 10 11 Shafer Neil 2001 1934 1949 Silver Certificates of Cuba Made by the U S BEP Paper Money 40 5 Society of Paper Money Collectors 298 307 Further reading editSchwulst Earl B Welles Sumner 1935 A Project to Establish a Cuban Monetary System and to Stabilize the Cuban Currency Federal Reserve Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silver certificate Cuba amp oldid 1216596620, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
