fbpx
Wikipedia

Siege of Tönning

January 31, 2023

During the Great Northern War, the fortress of Tönning (Tønning) in the territory of Holstein-Gottorp, an ally of the Swedish Empire, was besieged twice. Denmark-Norway was forced to lift the first siege in 1700, but a combined force of the anti-Swedish coalition successfully besieged and took Tönning in 1713–1714.

Siege of Tönning
Part of Great Northern War

Tönning defensive works
Date1st: March–August 1700
2nd: 1713-February 1714
Location
Tönning (Tønning) area, Holstein-Gottorp (present-day Germany)
Result 1700: siege lifted , Peace of Travendal
1713-1714: Danish-Russian-Saxon victory
Belligerents
Swedish Empire
Holstein-Gottorp		 Denmark-Norway
(1700; 1713–1714)
 Saxony (1713–1714)
Tsardom of Russia (1713–1714)
Commanders and leaders
Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1700)
Nils Gyllenstierna (1700)
Magnus Stenbock (1713–1714)		 Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (1713–1714)
Strength
9,000 Swedes (1713–1714)
1,600 Holsteiners (1713–1714)		 36,000 (1713–1714)

1700

The first siege was one of the first military actions of the Great Northern War. Denmark-Norway, Saxe-Poland-Lithuania and Russia had agreed on invading the Swedish Empire on three fronts, and accordingly, Danish forces moved into Holstein-Gottorp,[1] allied and dynastically tied to Sweden,[2] and laid siege to Tönning in March 1700.[1] The siege had to be lifted when Charles XII of Sweden, backed by the Maritime Powers, in a surprise move deployed an army in front of Copenhagen, forcing Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway out of the war by the Peace of Travendal on 18 August 1700.[3] Denmark re-entered the war only in 1709 as a consequence of the Swedish defeat at Poltava.[4]

1713–1714

In early 1713, forces of the Swedish Empire and Holstein-Gottorp were encircled by a combined Russian and Saxe-Polish army in a pocket around Tönning. The Swedish force consisted of the remains of Magnus Stenbock's 16,000 men who had broken out of the Stralsund pocket, and ignoring orders to march into Poland turned west, defeated a Danish army the Battle of Gadebusch and pursued their remains into Holstein. The Russian and Saxe-Polish allies of Denmark sent 36,000 troops after Stenbock.[5]

In February 1713, breaching his proclaimed neutrality,[6] the minor duke Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp[7] provided Stenbock with shelter and auxiliaries at his fortress of Tönning in anticipation of support by the Maritime Powers, expecting a recurrence of the 1700 precedent. Yet, the Maritime Powers did not intervene, and the trapped, still 9,000 strong force of Stenbock ran out of supplies. When the food situation deteriorated and 2,800 Swedes fell ill, Stenbock surrendered on 16 May 1713.[8]

The 1,600 strong Holstein garrison of the Tönning fortress held out[8] until 7 February 1714.[9] Danish forces, in pursuit of a royal occupation order of 13 March 1713,[6] gained complete control over Holstein-Gottorp when the last Holsteiners loyal to Sweden were captured in 1715.[8] After Tönning's surrender, its defensive works and palace were leveled until 1735.[10]

The decision of the duke of Holstein-Gottorp to open Tönning to Stenbock as well as the brokering of the Swedish surrender is ascribed to baron Georg Heinrich von Görtz, a diplomat at Charles Frederick's court. The Swedish captives were partitioned equally among the victorious powers, despite orders Russian commander Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov had received from tsar Peter the Great to secure the greatest share for Russia, arguing that the Russians had provided the largest contingent in the combined army. The disobedience led to rumors that Menshikov was bribed by Görtz.[7]

Sources

References

  1. ^ a b Frost (2000), p.228
  2. ^ Frost (2000), p.227
  3. ^ Frost (2000), p.229
  4. ^ Frost (2000), p.294
  5. ^ Wilson (1998), p.139
  6. ^ a b Jakubowski-Tiessen (1983), p.157
  7. ^ a b Bushkovitch (2001), p.310
  8. ^ a b c Wilson (1998), p.140
  9. ^ Jakubowski-Tiessen (1983), p.158
  10. ^ Klose (1958), p.259

Bibliography

  • Bushkovitch, Paul (2001). Peter the Great. The struggle for power, 1671-1725. New studies in European history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80585-6.
  • Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
  • Jakubowski-Tiessen, Manfred (1983). Der frühe Pietismus in Schleswig-holstein. Entstehung, Entwicklung und Struktur. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Pietismus (in German). Vol. 19. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-55802-3.
  • Klose, Olaf (1958). Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands: Bd. Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg, hrsg. von O. Kolse Band 1 von Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands (in German). Kröner.
  • Wilson, Peter Hamish (1998). German armies. War and German politics, 1648-1806. Warfare and history. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-106-3.

Coordinates: 54°19′00″N 8°57′00″E / 54.3167°N 8.9500°E / 54.3167; 8.9500

January 31, 2023
siege, tönning, during, great, northern, fortress, tönning, tønning, territory, holstein, gottorp, ally, swedish, empire, besieged, twice, denmark, norway, forced, lift, first, siege, 1700, combined, force, anti, swedish, coalition, successfully, besieged, too. During the Great Northern War the fortress of Tonning Tonning in the territory of Holstein Gottorp an ally of the Swedish Empire was besieged twice Denmark Norway was forced to lift the first siege in 1700 but a combined force of the anti Swedish coalition successfully besieged and took Tonning in 1713 1714 Siege of TonningPart of Great Northern WarTonning defensive worksDate1st March August 17002nd 1713 February 1714LocationTonning Tonning area Holstein Gottorp present day Germany Result1700 siege lifted Peace of Travendal1713 1714 Danish Russian Saxon victoryBelligerentsSwedish Empire Holstein GottorpDenmark Norway 1700 1713 1714 Saxony 1713 1714 Tsardom of Russia 1713 1714 Commanders and leadersFrederick IV Duke of Holstein Gottorp 1700 Nils Gyllenstierna 1700 Magnus Stenbock 1713 1714 Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov 1713 1714 Strength9 000 Swedes 1713 1714 1 600 Holsteiners 1713 1714 36 000 1713 1714 Contents 1 1700 2 1713 1714 3 Sources 3 1 References 3 2 Bibliography1700 EditThe first siege was one of the first military actions of the Great Northern War Denmark Norway Saxe Poland Lithuania and Russia had agreed on invading the Swedish Empire on three fronts and accordingly Danish forces moved into Holstein Gottorp 1 allied and dynastically tied to Sweden 2 and laid siege to Tonning in March 1700 1 The siege had to be lifted when Charles XII of Sweden backed by the Maritime Powers in a surprise move deployed an army in front of Copenhagen forcing Frederik IV of Denmark Norway out of the war by the Peace of Travendal on 18 August 1700 3 Denmark re entered the war only in 1709 as a consequence of the Swedish defeat at Poltava 4 1713 1714 EditIn early 1713 forces of the Swedish Empire and Holstein Gottorp were encircled by a combined Russian and Saxe Polish army in a pocket around Tonning The Swedish force consisted of the remains of Magnus Stenbock s 16 000 men who had broken out of the Stralsund pocket and ignoring orders to march into Poland turned west defeated a Danish army the Battle of Gadebusch and pursued their remains into Holstein The Russian and Saxe Polish allies of Denmark sent 36 000 troops after Stenbock 5 In February 1713 breaching his proclaimed neutrality 6 the minor duke Charles Frederick of Holstein Gottorp 7 provided Stenbock with shelter and auxiliaries at his fortress of Tonning in anticipation of support by the Maritime Powers expecting a recurrence of the 1700 precedent Yet the Maritime Powers did not intervene and the trapped still 9 000 strong force of Stenbock ran out of supplies When the food situation deteriorated and 2 800 Swedes fell ill Stenbock surrendered on 16 May 1713 8 The 1 600 strong Holstein garrison of the Tonning fortress held out 8 until 7 February 1714 9 Danish forces in pursuit of a royal occupation order of 13 March 1713 6 gained complete control over Holstein Gottorp when the last Holsteiners loyal to Sweden were captured in 1715 8 After Tonning s surrender its defensive works and palace were leveled until 1735 10 Gortz The decision of the duke of Holstein Gottorp to open Tonning to Stenbock as well as the brokering of the Swedish surrender is ascribed to baron Georg Heinrich von Gortz a diplomat at Charles Frederick s court The Swedish captives were partitioned equally among the victorious powers despite orders Russian commander Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov had received from tsar Peter the Great to secure the greatest share for Russia arguing that the Russians had provided the largest contingent in the combined army The disobedience led to rumors that Menshikov was bribed by Gortz 7 Sources EditReferences Edit a b Frost 2000 p 228 Frost 2000 p 227 Frost 2000 p 229 Frost 2000 p 294 Wilson 1998 p 139 a b Jakubowski Tiessen 1983 p 157 a b Bushkovitch 2001 p 310 a b c Wilson 1998 p 140 Jakubowski Tiessen 1983 p 158 Klose 1958 p 259 Bibliography Edit Bushkovitch Paul 2001 Peter the Great The struggle for power 1671 1725 New studies in European history Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 80585 6 Frost Robert I 2000 The Northern Wars War State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558 1721 Longman ISBN 978 0 582 06429 4 Jakubowski Tiessen Manfred 1983 Der fruhe Pietismus in Schleswig holstein Entstehung Entwicklung und Struktur Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Pietismus in German Vol 19 Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 55802 3 Klose Olaf 1958 Handbuch der historischen Statten Deutschlands Bd Schleswig Holstein und Hamburg hrsg von O Kolse Band 1 von Handbuch der historischen Statten Deutschlands in German Kroner Wilson Peter Hamish 1998 German armies War and German politics 1648 1806 Warfare and history Routledge ISBN 1 85728 106 3 Coordinates 54 19 00 N 8 57 00 E 54 3167 N 8 9500 E 54 3167 8 9500 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Siege of Tonning amp oldid 1092901795, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.