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Venus Orbiter Mission

January 01, 1970

This article is about the Indian Venus probe. For other Venus orbiters, see list of missions to Venus.

The Venus Orbiter Mission, unofficially known as Shukrayaan (from Sanskrit: Shukra, "Venus" and yāna, "craft, vehicle"),[6] is a planned Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) mission to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus.[7][8][9][10]

Venus Orbiter Mission
Mission typeVenus orbiter[1]
OperatorISRO
Mission durationPlanned: 4 years[2]
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerISAC
Launch mass2,500 kg (5,500 lb)[3]
Payload mass~100 kg (220 lb)[1]
Power500 watts (0.67 hp) for payload[1]
Start of mission
Launch dateNET 2028 (planned) [4]
RocketLVM3[2][3]
Launch siteSDSC SHAR
ContractorISRO
Venus orbiter
Venus atmospheric probe
Spacecraft componentAerobot balloon[3][5]
 

Funds were released in 2017 to complete preliminary studies, and solicitations for instruments were announced.[11][12] The orbiter was expected to have a science payload capability of approximately 100 kilograms (220 lb) with 500 W available power.[1] The initial elliptical orbit around Venus is expected to be 500 km (310 mi) at periapsis & 60,000 km (37,000 mi) at apoapsis.[1][13]

Objectives edit

The three broad research areas of interest for this mission include surface/subsurface stratigraphy and re-surfacing processes; studying the atmospheric chemistry, dynamics and compositional variations, and studying solar irradiance and solar wind interaction with Venus' ionosphere.[1] The mission may carry out research on Venus' active volcanic hotspots, lava flows and their patterns.[14] The probe may reexamine claims of phosphine on Venus,[14] as the findings are currently thought to be in error.[15]

Status edit

Based on the success of Chandrayaan and the Mars Orbiter Mission, ISRO began studying the feasibility of interplanetary missions to Mars and Venus. A mission to Venus was first presented at a Tirupati space meet in 2012.[16] ISRO was authorized to complete preliminary studies.[17][18] From 2016 to 2017, ISRO collaborated with JAXA to study the Venus atmosphere using signals from the Akatsuki in a radio occultation experiment.[19][20][21]

In 2017, ISRO made an 'Announcement of Opportunity' (AO) seeking science payload proposals from Indian academia.[1] In 2018, ISRO made another 'Announcement of Opportunity' inviting payload proposals from the international scientific community. The available science payload capacity with a science payload of 100 kg.[22][23]

ISRO and the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) held collaboration discussions in 2018, including the Venus mission and autonomous navigation and aerobraking technologies.[24] French astrophysicist Jacques Blamont expressed interest to ISRO chairman Udupi Ramachandra Rao to use balloons to help study the Venusian atmosphere. Similar to the Vega missions, these instrumented balloons could be deployed from an orbiter and take prolonged observations while floating in the planet's relatively mild upper atmosphere.[16][25] ISRO agreed to consider the proposal to use a balloon probe carrying a 10 kilograms (22 lb) payload to study the Venusian atmosphere at a 55 kilometres (34 mi) altitude.[3][26]

As of late 2018, the Venus mission was in the configuration study phase and ISRO had not sought the Indian government's full approval.[27] Somak Raychaudhury, the director of Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), stated in 2019 that a drone-like probe was being considered.[5]

As of November 2020, ISRO had shortlisted 20 international proposals that include collaboration with institutions from Russia, France, Sweden and Germany.[28] Mission could be launched no earlier than 2028, with an alternate Launch window in 2031.[29][30][4]

S. Somanath, the chairman of ISRO, stated that engineers are aiming to lower the cost of some high-value components and that India's maiden mission to Venus is probably going to launch in 2028 while speaking with reporters during India International Science Festival 2024. Venus Orbiter Mission development, however, will take longer than expected because Gaganyaan project has taken precedence.[31][32]

Science payload edit

The 100 kg (220 lb) science payload would consist of instruments from India and other countries. As of December 2019, 16 Indian and 7 international payloads had been shortlisted.[33][5][34]

Indian instruments edit

* RAVI and VISWAS are being proposed as collaborations with Germany and Sweden.[22][33]

International instruments edit

  • Terahertz devices to generate powerful radar pulses. Proposed by NASA.[40]

Two Russian payloads by the Russian Space Research Institute and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology were shortlisted to study the atmosphere:[41][33]

  • VIRAL (Venus InfraRed Atmospheric Gases Linker) by Space Research Institute, Moscow[42] (after their collaboration with LATMOS, France ended).[43]
  • IVOLGA: A laser heterodyne NIR spectrometer for studying the structure and dynamics of the Venusian mesosphere.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g . ISRO.gov.in. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b Mehta, Jatan (19 November 2020). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Bagla, Pallava (21 November 2018). "India seeks collaborators for a mission to Venus, the neglected planet". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1484. S2CID 134327421. Astrophysicist Jacques Blamont, a former head of France's National Center for Space Studies in Paris, several years ago proposed producing metallic balloons that could dip in and out of Venus's hot atmosphere to study its chemistry. ISRO has adopted that idea, says Sivan, but will develop the balloon in-house. It will carry 10 kilograms of instruments and float down to 55 kilometers above the surface.
  4. ^ a b "ISRO discussing possible mission to moon with Japanese agency: S Somanath". The Economic Times. 22 March 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 16 January 2024. Somanath also said there is a good opportunity to launch a mission to explore planet Venus by 2028.
  5. ^ a b c "5 Missions in 5 yrs to study Solar System, Black holes". Deccan Herald. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  6. ^ (PDF). cospar-assembly.org. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  7. ^ Ranosa, Ted (July 2015). "India Plans Mission To Venus Following Success Of Mars Orbiter". Tech Times. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  8. ^ Nowakowski, Tomasz (July 2015). "India eyes possible mission to Venus". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  9. ^ "Isro to undertake the heaviest launch in December". DeccanChronicle.com. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  10. ^ Spaceflight, Meghan Bartels 2019-11-08T14:00:15Z (8 November 2019). "India Has a New Planetary Target in Mind: Venus". Space.com. Retrieved 9 November 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Annadurai, Mylswami. "ISRO Space Physics: future missions" (PDF). Raman Research Institute.
  12. ^ India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus. Pallava Bagla, Science Magazine. 17 February 2017.
  13. ^ Laxman, Srinivas (24 April 2017). "Venus mission: Isro invites proposals for space experiments". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 October 2017. An Isro official told TOI that though it is an approved mission, the date of the launch is yet to be firmed up.
  14. ^ a b Sharma, Anurakti (2 June 2022). "10 interesting things to know about ISRO's mission to Venus – 'Shukrayaan-I'". TimesNow. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  15. ^ Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (1 December 2020). "Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus: No statistically significant detection of phosphine". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 644: L2. arXiv:2010.09761. Bibcode:2020A&A...644L...2S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 224803085.
  16. ^ a b India planning Venus mission. Srinivas Laxman, The Times of India. 17 February 2012.
  17. ^ (PDF). Deparment [sic] of Space - Demand No. 91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017.
  18. ^ "India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus". ScienceMag.org. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  19. ^ (PDF). 22 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2018. Both agencies have also agreed to conduct a joint experiment to study Venus atmosphere by collecting signals from JAXA's Akatsuki mission by ISRO's ground stations (IDSN).
  20. ^ (PDF). 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  21. ^ Imamura, Takeshi; et al. (3 October 2017). "Initial performance of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki". Earth, Planets and Space. 69 (1): 137. Bibcode:2017EP&S...69..137I. doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0722-3. hdl:20.500.14094/90004975.
  22. ^ a b (PDF). ISRO.gov.in. 6 November 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2018.
  23. ^ ISRO invites foreign 'riders' to Venus. Madhumathi D.S., The Hindu. 11 November 2018.
  24. ^ ISRO to work with its French counterpart for inter-planetary missions to Mars, Venus. India Times 16 April 2018.
  25. ^ "After Mars, ISRO plans Venus odyssey". deccanchronicle.com/. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  26. ^ "India-France Joint Vision for Space Cooperation (New Delhi, 10 March 2018)". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 21 November 2018. 3.6 Exploring the solar system and beyond: ISRO and CNES would work together on (i) autonomous navigation of rovers in Moon, Mars and other planets; (ii) aero braking technologies for planetary exploration; (iii) modeling of Mars and Venus atmosphere; and (iv) inflatable systems for Venus exploration. Both sides can embark on complex high technology space science and planetary exploration missions in future.
  27. ^ Narasimhan, T. E. (18 December 2018). "Isro to go to Venus by 2023 after Mars success, human spaceflight plans". Business Standard India. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  28. ^ "ISRO's Shukrayaan: India's proposed Venus mission attracts international payload proposals". The Financial Express. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  29. ^ Singh, Surendra (5 May 2022). "Isro to join race to Venus, eyes 2024 orbiter launch". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  30. ^ Mukunth, Vasudevan (16 January 2023). "ISRO pushing Venus mission 'Shukrayaan' to 2031?". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  31. ^ "India Working Towards Building Own Space Station, Tests Next Year, Says ISRO Chief". NDTV.com. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  32. ^ "First tests for Indian Space Station expected next year: ISRO chief". Hindustan Times. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  33. ^ a b c Shaji, Nigar (11 June 2019). "Venus Orbiter Mission to study surface, atmosphere and plasma environment" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  34. ^ Jatiya, Satyanarayan (18 July 2019). "Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955" (PDF). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  35. ^ Widemann, Thomas; Smrekar, Suzanne E.; Garvin, James B.; Straume-Lindner, Anne Grete; Ocampo, Adriana C.; Schulte, Mitchell D.; Voirin, Thomas; Hensley, Scott; Dyar, M. Darby; Whitten, Jennifer L.; Nunes, Daniel C.; Getty, Stephanie A.; Arney, Giada N.; Johnson, Natasha M.; Kohler, Erika (3 October 2023). "Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations". Space Science Reviews. 219 (7): 56. Bibcode:2023SSRv..219...56W. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w. hdl:20.500.11850/637406. ISSN 1572-9672.
  36. ^ "Sensitivity Analysis and Testing of Electrically Short Dipole Antenna for Lightning Instrument for VEnus (LIVE)" (PDF).
  37. ^ "Swedish Institute of Space Physics return to Venus on Indian space mission – IRF". Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  38. ^ a b (PDF). July 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2022.
  39. ^ Vipin K Yadav (2023). "VIPER:A Plasma Wave Detection Instrument onboard Indian Venus Orbiter Spacecraft". arXiv:2301.03163 [physics.plasm-ph].
  40. ^ NASA may provide ISRO terahertz devices for its proposed orbiter to Venus 23 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Web India 123. 30 November 2018.
  41. ^ "Российские научные приборы установят на индийский орбитальный аппарат". РИА Новости (in Russian). 4 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  42. ^ "France refuses to work with Russia on device for India's Venus mission — Space Institute". TASS. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  43. ^ "France-India Space Cooperation - Focus on Climate Science and Space Exploration". presse.cnes.fr. 30 September 2020. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

January 01, 1970
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This article is about the Indian Venus probe For other Venus orbiters see list of missions to Venus The Venus Orbiter Mission unofficially known as Shukrayaan from Sanskrit Shukra Venus and yana craft vehicle 6 is a planned Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO mission to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus 7 8 9 10 Venus Orbiter MissionMission typeVenus orbiter 1 OperatorISROMission durationPlanned 4 years 2 Spacecraft propertiesManufacturerISACLaunch mass2 500 kg 5 500 lb 3 Payload mass 100 kg 220 lb 1 Power500 watts 0 67 hp for payload 1 Start of missionLaunch dateNET 2028 planned 4 RocketLVM3 2 3 Launch siteSDSC SHARContractorISROVenus orbiterVenus atmospheric probeSpacecraft componentAerobot balloon 3 5 Funds were released in 2017 to complete preliminary studies and solicitations for instruments were announced 11 12 The orbiter was expected to have a science payload capability of approximately 100 kilograms 220 lb with 500 W available power 1 The initial elliptical orbit around Venus is expected to be 500 km 310 mi at periapsis amp 60 000 km 37 000 mi at apoapsis 1 13 Contents 1 Objectives 2 Status 3 Science payload 3 1 Indian instruments 3 2 International instruments 4 See also 5 ReferencesObjectives editThe three broad research areas of interest for this mission include surface subsurface stratigraphy and re surfacing processes studying the atmospheric chemistry dynamics and compositional variations and studying solar irradiance and solar wind interaction with Venus ionosphere 1 The mission may carry out research on Venus active volcanic hotspots lava flows and their patterns 14 The probe may reexamine claims of phosphine on Venus 14 as the findings are currently thought to be in error 15 Status editBased on the success of Chandrayaan and the Mars Orbiter Mission ISRO began studying the feasibility of interplanetary missions to Mars and Venus A mission to Venus was first presented at a Tirupati space meet in 2012 16 ISRO was authorized to complete preliminary studies 17 18 From 2016 to 2017 ISRO collaborated with JAXA to study the Venus atmosphere using signals from the Akatsuki in a radio occultation experiment 19 20 21 In 2017 ISRO made an Announcement of Opportunity AO seeking science payload proposals from Indian academia 1 In 2018 ISRO made another Announcement of Opportunity inviting payload proposals from the international scientific community The available science payload capacity with a science payload of 100 kg 22 23 ISRO and the French National Centre for Space Studies CNES held collaboration discussions in 2018 including the Venus mission and autonomous navigation and aerobraking technologies 24 French astrophysicist Jacques Blamont expressed interest to ISRO chairman Udupi Ramachandra Rao to use balloons to help study the Venusian atmosphere Similar to the Vega missions these instrumented balloons could be deployed from an orbiter and take prolonged observations while floating in the planet s relatively mild upper atmosphere 16 25 ISRO agreed to consider the proposal to use a balloon probe carrying a 10 kilograms 22 lb payload to study the Venusian atmosphere at a 55 kilometres 34 mi altitude 3 26 As of late 2018 the Venus mission was in the configuration study phase and ISRO had not sought the Indian government s full approval 27 Somak Raychaudhury the director of Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics IUCAA stated in 2019 that a drone like probe was being considered 5 As of November 2020 ISRO had shortlisted 20 international proposals that include collaboration with institutions from Russia France Sweden and Germany 28 Mission could be launched no earlier than 2028 with an alternate Launch window in 2031 29 30 4 S Somanath the chairman of ISRO stated that engineers are aiming to lower the cost of some high value components and that India s maiden mission to Venus is probably going to launch in 2028 while speaking with reporters during India International Science Festival 2024 Venus Orbiter Mission development however will take longer than expected because Gaganyaan project has taken precedence 31 32 Science payload editThe 100 kg 220 lb science payload would consist of instruments from India and other countries As of December 2019 update 16 Indian and 7 international payloads had been shortlisted 33 5 34 Indian instruments edit Venus L amp S Band SAR VARTISS Orbital Ground penetrating radar 35 VSEAM Surface Emissivity VTC Thermal Camera VCMC Cloud Monitoring LIVE Lightning Sensor 36 VASP Spectro Polarimeter SPAV Solar occultation photometry NAVA Airglow imager RAVI RO Experiment ETA Electron Temperature Analyser RPA Retarding Potential Analyser Mass Spectrometer VISWAS Plasma Analyser 37 Venus Radiation environment monitor VeRad 38 Venus Solar Soft x ray Spectrometer VS3 38 VIPER Plasma Wave Detector 39 VODEX Dust experiment RAVI and VISWAS are being proposed as collaborations with Germany and Sweden 22 33 International instruments edit Terahertz devices to generate powerful radar pulses Proposed by NASA 40 Two Russian payloads by the Russian Space Research Institute and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology were shortlisted to study the atmosphere 41 33 VIRAL Venus InfraRed Atmospheric Gases Linker by Space Research Institute Moscow 42 after their collaboration with LATMOS France ended 43 IVOLGA A laser heterodyne NIR spectrometer for studying the structure and dynamics of the Venusian mesosphere See also edit nbsp Spaceflight portal nbsp India portal List of missions to Venus Observations and explorations of Venus Chandrayaan programme Mars Orbiter Mission Aditya L1References edit a b c d e f g Announcement of Opportunity AO for Space Based Experiments to Study Venus ISRO gov in 19 April 2017 Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 Retrieved 13 September 2017 a b Mehta Jatan 19 November 2020 India s Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years launches in 2024 SpaceNews Retrieved 20 November 2020 a b c d Bagla Pallava 21 November 2018 India seeks collaborators for a mission to Venus the neglected planet Science doi 10 1126 science aaw1484 S2CID 134327421 Astrophysicist Jacques Blamont a former head of France s National Center for Space Studies in Paris several years ago proposed producing metallic balloons that could dip in and out of Venus s hot atmosphere to study its chemistry ISRO has adopted that idea says Sivan but will develop the balloon in house It will carry 10 kilograms of instruments and float down to 55 kilometers above the surface a b ISRO discussing possible mission to moon with Japanese agency S Somanath The Economic Times 22 March 2023 ISSN 0013 0389 Retrieved 16 January 2024 Somanath also said there is a good opportunity to launch a mission to explore planet Venus by 2028 a b c 5 Missions in 5 yrs to study Solar System Black holes Deccan Herald 19 July 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2019 Indian Mars and Venus missions Science and exploration PDF cospar assembly org 22 July 2018 Archived from the original PDF on 11 November 2018 Retrieved 11 November 2018 Ranosa Ted July 2015 India Plans Mission To Venus Following Success Of Mars Orbiter Tech Times Retrieved 13 October 2015 Nowakowski Tomasz July 2015 India eyes possible mission to Venus Spaceflight Insider Retrieved 13 October 2015 Isro to undertake the heaviest launch in December DeccanChronicle com 23 July 2016 Retrieved 30 March 2017 Spaceflight Meghan Bartels 2019 11 08T14 00 15Z 8 November 2019 India Has a New Planetary Target in Mind Venus Space com Retrieved 9 November 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Annadurai Mylswami ISRO Space Physics future missions PDF Raman Research Institute India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus Pallava Bagla Science Magazine 17 February 2017 Laxman Srinivas 24 April 2017 Venus mission Isro invites proposals for space experiments The Times of India Retrieved 9 October 2017 An Isro official told TOI that though it is an approved mission the date of the launch is yet to be firmed up a b Sharma Anurakti 2 June 2022 10 interesting things to know about ISRO s mission to Venus Shukrayaan I TimesNow Retrieved 7 September 2023 Snellen I A G Guzman Ramirez L Hogerheijde M R Hygate A P S van der Tak F F S 1 December 2020 Re analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus No statistically significant detection of phosphine Astronomy amp Astrophysics 644 L2 arXiv 2010 09761 Bibcode 2020A amp A 644L 2S doi 10 1051 0004 6361 202039717 ISSN 0004 6361 S2CID 224803085 a b India planning Venus mission Srinivas Laxman The Times of India 17 February 2012 Demands for Grants 2017 2018 India s Department of Space PDF Deparment sic of Space Demand No 91 Archived from the original PDF on 15 February 2017 India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus ScienceMag org 17 February 2017 Retrieved 30 March 2017 Department of Space Annual Report 2016 17 PDF 22 February 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 18 March 2017 Retrieved 8 November 2018 Both agencies have also agreed to conduct a joint experiment to study Venus atmosphere by collecting signals from JAXA s Akatsuki mission by ISRO s ground stations IDSN Initial results of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki PDF 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 8 November 2018 Retrieved 8 November 2018 Imamura Takeshi et al 3 October 2017 Initial performance of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki Earth Planets and Space 69 1 137 Bibcode 2017EP amp S 69 137I doi 10 1186 s40623 017 0722 3 hdl 20 500 14094 90004975 a b Announcement of Opportunity AO to international science community for Space Based Experiments to Study Venus PDF ISRO gov in 6 November 2018 Archived from the original PDF on 6 November 2018 ISRO invites foreign riders to Venus Madhumathi D S The Hindu 11 November 2018 ISRO to work with its French counterpart for inter planetary missions to Mars Venus India Times 16 April 2018 After Mars ISRO plans Venus odyssey deccanchronicle com 20 May 2015 Retrieved 13 September 2017 India France Joint Vision for Space Cooperation New Delhi 10 March 2018 www mea gov in Retrieved 21 November 2018 3 6 Exploring the solar system and beyond ISRO and CNES would work together on i autonomous navigation of rovers in Moon Mars and other planets ii aero braking technologies for planetary exploration iii modeling of Mars and Venus atmosphere and iv inflatable systems for Venus exploration Both sides can embark on complex high technology space science and planetary exploration missions in future Narasimhan T E 18 December 2018 Isro to go to Venus by 2023 after Mars success human spaceflight plans Business Standard India Retrieved 18 December 2018 ISRO s Shukrayaan India s proposed Venus mission attracts international payload proposals The Financial Express 23 November 2020 Retrieved 23 November 2020 Singh Surendra 5 May 2022 Isro to join race to Venus eyes 2024 orbiter launch The Times of India Retrieved 5 May 2022 Mukunth Vasudevan 16 January 2023 ISRO pushing Venus mission Shukrayaan to 2031 The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 4 March 2023 India Working Towards Building Own Space Station Tests Next Year Says ISRO Chief NDTV com Retrieved 18 January 2024 First tests for Indian Space Station expected next year ISRO chief Hindustan Times 18 January 2024 Retrieved 18 January 2024 a b c Shaji Nigar 11 June 2019 Venus Orbiter Mission to study surface atmosphere and plasma environment PDF Archived PDF from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 13 December 2019 Jatiya Satyanarayan 18 July 2019 Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No 2955 PDF Retrieved 30 April 2023 Widemann Thomas Smrekar Suzanne E Garvin James B Straume Lindner Anne Grete Ocampo Adriana C Schulte Mitchell D Voirin Thomas Hensley Scott Dyar M Darby Whitten Jennifer L Nunes Daniel C Getty Stephanie A Arney Giada N Johnson Natasha M Kohler Erika 3 October 2023 Venus Evolution Through Time Key Science Questions Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations Space Science Reviews 219 7 56 Bibcode 2023SSRv 219 56W doi 10 1007 s11214 023 00992 w hdl 20 500 11850 637406 ISSN 1572 9672 Sensitivity Analysis and Testing of Electrically Short Dipole Antenna for Lightning Instrument for VEnus LIVE PDF Swedish Institute of Space Physics return to Venus on Indian space mission IRF Retrieved 1 July 2020 a b Space Research in India July 2020 to December 2021 for 44th COSPAR Scientific Assembly PDF July 2022 Archived from the original PDF on 11 July 2022 Vipin K Yadav 2023 VIPER A Plasma Wave Detection Instrument onboard Indian Venus Orbiter Spacecraft arXiv 2301 03163 physics plasm ph NASA may provide ISRO terahertz devices for its proposed orbiter to Venus Archived 23 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Web India 123 30 November 2018 Rossijskie nauchnye pribory ustanovyat na indijskij orbitalnyj apparat RIA Novosti in Russian 4 October 2019 Retrieved 4 October 2019 France refuses to work with Russia on device for India s Venus mission Space Institute TASS Retrieved 13 August 2022 France India Space Cooperation Focus on Climate Science and Space Exploration presse cnes fr 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Venus Orbiter Mission amp oldid 1223610768, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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