Ship grounding or ship stranding is the impact of a ship on seabed or waterway side.[1] It may be intentional, as in beaching to land crew or cargo, and careening, for maintenance or repair, or unintentional, as in a marine accident. In accidental cases, it is commonly referred to as "running aground".
When unintentional, grounding may result simply in stranding, with or without damage to the submerged part of the ship's hull. Breach of the hull may lead to significant flooding, which in the absence of containment in watertight bulkheads may substantially compromise the ship's structural integrity, stability, and safety.[2][3]
Severe grounding applies extreme loads upon ship structures.[4] In less severe accidents, it might result only in damage to the hull; however, in most serious accidents, it might lead to hull breaches, cargo spills, total loss of the vessel, and, in the worst cases, human casualties.[5]
Grounding accounts for about one-third of commercial ship accidents,[6][7] and ranks second in frequency, after ship-on-ship collision.[8] Grounding accidents are being studied in many international ports with serious concerns, e.g. Chittagong Port in Bangladesh.[9]
When accidental grounding occurs, the ship or its cargo, will need to be removed if possible. This is done for various reason:
The grounded ship remains seaworthy so the ship is removed in order to be repaired and return to service
A stranded ship is an unsightly image of the area
A stranded ship causes significantly stress on its structure and will eventually become a shipwreck if not properly dealt with
The ship contains hazardous material and causes environmental damage if the material is to be released, which will eventually happen if stranded long enough
A ship might be removed to prevent unauthorized entry into the ship by locals
The grounded ship is a navigation hazard or otherwise obstructs a shipping route
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grounded ships.
^Mazaheri, A., Montewka, J., Kujala, P., (2014), "Modeling the risk of ship grounding - A literature review from a risk management perspective", WMU-Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 13, No.2, pp.269-297, doi:10.1007/s13437-013-0056-3
^Mazaheri, A., and Ylitalo, J., (2010), “Comments on geometrical modeling of ship grounding”, 5th International Conference on Collision and Grounding of Ships (ICCGS), June 14th - 16th, Espoo, Finland
^Montewka, J., Krata, P., Goerlandt, F., Mazaheri, A., Kujala, P., (2011), “Marine traffic risk modelling - an innovative approach and a case study”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O, Journal of Risk and Reliability, Vol.225, No.3, pp.307-322, doi:10.1177/1748006X11399988
^Pedersen PT Collision and Grounding Mechanics. In: Proceedings of WEMT '95', Copenhagen, Denmark, 1995. The Danish Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
^Mazaheri, A., Goerlandt, F., Montewka, J., Kujala, P., (2012), “A decision support tool for VTS centers to detect grounding candidates”, International Journal of Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol.6, No.3, pp.337-343
^ abcdefgKite-Powell HL, Jin D, Jebsen J, Papakonstantinou V, Patrikalakis N (1999) Investigation of Potential Risk Factors for Groundings of Commercial Vessels in U.S. Ports. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering 9 (1):16-21
^ abcdefJebsen JJ, Papakonstantinou VC (1997) Evaluation of the Physical Risk of Ship Grounding. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
^ abcSamuelides MS, Ventikos NP, Gemelos IC (2009) Survey on grounding incidents: Statistical analysis and risk assessment. Ships and Offshore Structures 4 (1):55-68
^ Mohammad Ehsan Khaled, Yasumi Kawamura, Mohammad Sayem Bin Abdullah, Arnob Banik, Abul Kalam Faruk, Mohammad Riad Khan, Assessment of Collision & Grounding Risk At Chittagong Port, Bangladesh, 11th International Conference on Marine Technology MARTEC 2018, UTM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. https://www.mtc-utm.my/wp-content/uploads/MARTEC_2018_Paper/G2.pdf
^ abcdBriggs MJ, Borgman LE, Bratteland E (2003) Probability assessment for deep-draft navigation channel design. Coastal Engineering 48:29-50
^Fujii Y, Oshima R, Yamanouchi H, Mizuki N (1974) Some Factors Affecting the Frequency of Accidents in Marine Traffic: I- The Diameter of Evasion for Crossing Encounters, II- The probability of Stranding, III- The Effect of Darkness of the Probability of Collision and Stranding. The Journal of Navigation 27 (2):239-247
^ abcLin S-C (1999) Physical Risk Analysis of Ship grounding. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
^ abQuy N.M., Vrijling J.K., Gelder P.H.A.J.M. van, Groenveld R. (2006) On the assessment of ship grounding risk in restricted channels. Paper presented at The 8th International Conference on Marine Sciences and Technologies - Black Sea Conference, Varna, Bulgaria, September 25th-27th
^Amrozowicz MD (1996) The need for a probabilistic risk assessment of the oil tanker industry and a qualitative assessment of oil tanker groundings. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
^Amrozowicz MD (1996) The Quantitative Risk of Oil Tanker Groundings. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
^Brown A, Haugene B (1998) Assessing the Impact of Management and Organizational Factors on the Risk of Tanker Grounding. Paper presented at the 8th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference
^Martins MR, Maturana MC (2010) Human error contribution in collision and grounding of oil tankers. Risk Analysis 30 (4):674-698
^Praetorius G (2012) Safety within the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Domain - Understanding the role of the VTS for safety within maritime traffic management. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg
April 28, 2023
ship, grounding, intentional, grounding, beaching, nautical, careening, ship, stranding, impact, ship, seabed, waterway, side, intentional, beaching, land, crew, cargo, careening, maintenance, repair, unintentional, marine, accident, accidental, cases, commonl. For intentional grounding see beaching nautical and careening Ship grounding or ship stranding is the impact of a ship on seabed or waterway side 1 It may be intentional as in beaching to land crew or cargo and careening for maintenance or repair or unintentional as in a marine accident In accidental cases it is commonly referred to as running aground The United States Coast Guard performing rescue operations for a ship grounded near St George Island Alaska The container ship Ever Given stuck in the Suez Canal in 2021 When unintentional grounding may result simply in stranding with or without damage to the submerged part of the ship s hull Breach of the hull may lead to significant flooding which in the absence of containment in watertight bulkheads may substantially compromise the ship s structural integrity stability and safety 2 3 Contents 1 As hazard 1 1 Causes 2 Recovery 3 See also 4 ReferencesAs hazard EditSevere grounding applies extreme loads upon ship structures 4 In less severe accidents it might result only in damage to the hull however in most serious accidents it might lead to hull breaches cargo spills total loss of the vessel and in the worst cases human casualties 5 Grounding accounts for about one third of commercial ship accidents 6 7 and ranks second in frequency after ship on ship collision 8 Grounding accidents are being studied in many international ports with serious concerns e g Chittagong Port in Bangladesh 9 Causes Edit Among the causes of unintentional grounding are Current 10 Darkness 11 12 Tide 12 Visibility 6 7 Waves 10 Wind 6 7 10 Depth of waterway 6 7 13 Geometry of waterway 10 12 Age of vessel 8 Size of vessel 6 7 8 Type of vessel 6 7 Speed 13 Human and organizational factors 6 14 15 16 17 18 War terror attack and piracyRecovery EditMain article Marine salvage When accidental grounding occurs the ship or its cargo will need to be removed if possible This is done for various reason The grounded ship remains seaworthy so the ship is removed in order to be repaired and return to service A stranded ship is an unsightly image of the area A stranded ship causes significantly stress on its structure and will eventually become a shipwreck if not properly dealt with The ship contains hazardous material and causes environmental damage if the material is to be released which will eventually happen if stranded long enough A ship might be removed to prevent unauthorized entry into the ship by locals The grounded ship is a navigation hazard or otherwise obstructs a shipping routeSee also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grounded ships 2009 USS Port Royal grounding 2021 Suez Canal obstruction Amoco Cadiz Beaching nautical Costa Concordia disaster Exxon Valdez oil spill MS Riverdance MV World Discoverer Rena grounding and oil spill Spectacle Reef Light SS American Star SS Torrey Canyon SS SuevicReferences Edit Mazaheri A Montewka J Kujala P 2014 Modeling the risk of ship grounding A literature review from a risk management perspective WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs Vol 13 No 2 pp 269 297 doi 10 1007 s13437 013 0056 3 Mazaheri A and Ylitalo J 2010 Comments on geometrical modeling of ship grounding 5th International Conference on Collision and Grounding of Ships ICCGS June 14th 16th Espoo Finland Montewka J Krata P Goerlandt F Mazaheri A Kujala P 2011 Marine traffic risk modelling an innovative approach and a case study Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part O Journal of Risk and Reliability Vol 225 No 3 pp 307 322 doi 10 1177 1748006X11399988 Pedersen PT Collision and Grounding Mechanics In Proceedings of WEMT 95 Copenhagen Denmark 1995 The Danish Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Mazaheri A Goerlandt F Montewka J Kujala P 2012 A decision support tool for VTS centers to detect grounding candidates International Journal of Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Vol 6 No 3 pp 337 343 a b c d e f g Kite Powell HL Jin D Jebsen J Papakonstantinou V Patrikalakis N 1999 Investigation of Potential Risk Factors for Groundings of Commercial Vessels in U S Ports International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering 9 1 16 21 a b c d e f Jebsen JJ Papakonstantinou VC 1997 Evaluation of the Physical Risk of Ship Grounding Massachusetts Institute of Technology a b c Samuelides MS Ventikos NP Gemelos IC 2009 Survey on grounding incidents Statistical analysis and risk assessment Ships and Offshore Structures 4 1 55 68 Mohammad Ehsan Khaled Yasumi Kawamura Mohammad Sayem Bin Abdullah Arnob Banik Abul Kalam Faruk Mohammad Riad Khan Assessment of Collision amp Grounding Risk At Chittagong Port Bangladesh 11th International Conference on Marine Technology MARTEC 2018 UTM Kuala Lumpur Malaysia https www mtc utm my wp content uploads MARTEC 2018 Paper G2 pdf a b c d Briggs MJ Borgman LE Bratteland E 2003 Probability assessment for deep draft navigation channel design Coastal Engineering 48 29 50 Fujii Y Oshima R Yamanouchi H Mizuki N 1974 Some Factors Affecting the Frequency of Accidents in Marine Traffic I The Diameter of Evasion for Crossing Encounters II The probability of Stranding III The Effect of Darkness of the Probability of Collision and Stranding The Journal of Navigation 27 2 239 247 a b c Lin S C 1999 Physical Risk Analysis of Ship grounding Massachusetts Institute of Technology a b Quy N M Vrijling J K Gelder P H A J M van Groenveld R 2006 On the assessment of ship grounding risk in restricted channels Paper presented at The 8th International Conference on Marine Sciences and Technologies Black Sea Conference Varna Bulgaria September 25th 27th Amrozowicz MD 1996 The need for a probabilistic risk assessment of the oil tanker industry and a qualitative assessment of oil tanker groundings Massachusetts Institute of Technology Amrozowicz MD 1996 The Quantitative Risk of Oil Tanker Groundings Massachusetts Institute of Technology Brown A Haugene B 1998 Assessing the Impact of Management and Organizational Factors on the Risk of Tanker Grounding Paper presented at the 8th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Martins MR Maturana MC 2010 Human error contribution in collision and grounding of oil tankers Risk Analysis 30 4 674 698 Praetorius G 2012 Safety within the Vessel Traffic Service VTS Domain Understanding the role of the VTS for safety within maritime traffic management Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ship grounding amp oldid 1128415539, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
