Shilha, like other varieties of Berber, has an extensive body of oral literature in a wide variety of genres. Fables and animal stories often revolve around the character of the jackal (uššn); other genres include legends, imam/taleb stories, riddles, and tongue-twisters. A large number of oral texts, as well as ethnographic texts on the customs and traditions of the Išlḥiyn have been recorded and published since the end of the 19th century, mainly by European linguists.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)
Traditional manuscript literature
The first page of an 18th-century Shilha manuscript written in Arabic script, of Muḥammad Awzal's al-Ḥawḍ, part I (Leiden Cod.Or. 23.354; adapted from N. van den Boogert 1997, plate I)
Shilha is one of only a handful of living African languages which possesses a literary tradition which can be traced back to the pre-colonial era.[1] Numerous texts, written in Arabic script, are preserved in manuscripts, dating from the past four centuries. The earliest datable text is a sizeable compendium of lectures on the "religious sciences" (lɛulum n ddin) composed in metrical verses by Ibrāhīm al-Ṣanhājī, a.k.a. Brahim Aẓnag (d. 1597 CE). The most well-known writer of this tradition is Muḥammad al-Hawzālī, a.k.a. Mḥmmd Awzal (ca. 1680–1749 CE). The longest extant text in Shilha is a commentary (sharḥ) on al-Ḥawḍ, Awzal's manual of Mālikī law; the commentary, entitled al-Manjaʽ "the Pasture" is from the hand of al-Ḥasan ibn Mubārak al-Tamuddiztī, a.k.a. Lḥsn u Mbark u Tmuddizt (d. 1899 CE). Important collections of Shilha manuscripts are preserved in Aix-en-Provence (the fonds Arsène Roux) and Leiden. Virtually all manuscripts are religious in content, and their main purpose was to provide instruction to the illiterate common people (of course, with literate scholars serving as teachers). Many of the texts are in versified form to facilitate memorisation and recitation. Apart from purely religious texts (almost all of them in versified form), there are also narratives in verse (e.g. Lqist n Yusf "the story of Joseph", Lɣazawat n Susata "the Conquest of Sousse"), odes on the pleasures of drinking tea, collections of medicinal recipes (in prose), bilingual glossaries, etc.
The premodern written language differs in some aspects from normal spoken Shilha. For example, it is common for the manuscript texts to contain a mix of dialectal features not found in any single modern dialect. The language of the manuscripts also contains a higher number of Arabic words than the modern spoken form, a phenomenon that has been called arabisme poétique.[2] Other characteristics of manuscript verse text, which are probably adopted from oral conventions, are the use of plural verb forms instead of singular forms, uncommon plural nouns formed with the prefix ida, use of stopgaps such as daɣ "again", hann and hatinn "lo!", etc. These conventions can be linked to the need to make the text conform to fixed metrical formulae.
Modern literature
A modern, printed literature in Tashelhiyt has sprung up since the 1970s. The first modern shilha novels appeared in 2002, Imula n tmktit by El Khatir Aboulkacem Afulay[3] and Tawargit d imik by Mohamed Akounad.[4] In 2020, 17 novels were published, a record in terms of the production of shilha novels.[5]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)
^Classical Ethiopian (Ge'ez) has a large and old literary heritage. There are some Malagasy manuscripts that date from the 17th century, and a few Swahili manuscripts that may date from the 17th or 18th century. Hausamanuscripts probably all date from the 19th century and after.
^Maroc : En 2020, 24 romans ont été publiés dans les langues amazighes (tacelḥit, tarifit, tamaziɣt n usammer)
Bibliography
Boogert, N. van den (1997). The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous. With an edition and translation of "The Ocean of Tears" by Muḥammad Awzal (d. 1749). De Goeje Fund, Vol. XXVII. Leiden: NINO. ISBN90-6258-971-5.
Galand-Pernet, P. (1972). Recueil de poèmes chleuhs. Paris: Klincksieck. ISBN2-252-01415-6.
January 06, 2023
shilha, literature, this, article, about, exclusively, information, language, shilha, language, shilha, tashelhiyt, berber, language, spoken, southwestern, morocco, contents, oral, literature, traditional, manuscript, literature, modern, literature, also, refe. This article is about the Shilha literature exclusively For information on the language see Shilha language Shilha or Tashelhiyt is a Berber language spoken in southwestern Morocco Contents 1 Oral literature 2 Traditional manuscript literature 3 Modern literature 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyOral literature EditShilha like other varieties of Berber has an extensive body of oral literature in a wide variety of genres Fables and animal stories often revolve around the character of the jackal ussn other genres include legends imam taleb stories riddles and tongue twisters A large number of oral texts as well as ethnographic texts on the customs and traditions of the Islḥiyn have been recorded and published since the end of the 19th century mainly by European linguists This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2015 Traditional manuscript literature Edit The first page of an 18th century Shilha manuscript written in Arabic script of Muḥammad Awzal s al Ḥawḍ part I Leiden Cod Or 23 354 adapted from N van den Boogert 1997 plate I Shilha is one of only a handful of living African languages which possesses a literary tradition which can be traced back to the pre colonial era 1 Numerous texts written in Arabic script are preserved in manuscripts dating from the past four centuries The earliest datable text is a sizeable compendium of lectures on the religious sciences lɛulum n ddin composed in metrical verses by Ibrahim al Ṣanhaji a k a Brahim Aẓnag d 1597 CE The most well known writer of this tradition is Muḥammad al Hawzali a k a Mḥmmd Awzal ca 1680 1749 CE The longest extant text in Shilha is a commentary sharḥ on al Ḥawḍ Awzal s manual of Maliki law the commentary entitled al Manjaʽ the Pasture is from the hand of al Ḥasan ibn Mubarak al Tamuddizti a k a Lḥsn u Mbark u Tmuddizt d 1899 CE Important collections of Shilha manuscripts are preserved in Aix en Provence the fonds Arsene Roux and Leiden Virtually all manuscripts are religious in content and their main purpose was to provide instruction to the illiterate common people of course with literate scholars serving as teachers Many of the texts are in versified form to facilitate memorisation and recitation Apart from purely religious texts almost all of them in versified form there are also narratives in verse e g Lqist n Yusf the story of Joseph Lɣazawat n Susata the Conquest of Sousse odes on the pleasures of drinking tea collections of medicinal recipes in prose bilingual glossaries etc The premodern written language differs in some aspects from normal spoken Shilha For example it is common for the manuscript texts to contain a mix of dialectal features not found in any single modern dialect The language of the manuscripts also contains a higher number of Arabic words than the modern spoken form a phenomenon that has been called arabisme poetique 2 Other characteristics of manuscript verse text which are probably adopted from oral conventions are the use of plural verb forms instead of singular forms uncommon plural nouns formed with the prefix ida use of stopgaps such as daɣ again hann and hatinn lo etc These conventions can be linked to the need to make the text conform to fixed metrical formulae Modern literature EditA modern printed literature in Tashelhiyt has sprung up since the 1970s The first modern shilha novels appeared in 2002 Imula n tmktit by El Khatir Aboulkacem Afulay 3 and Tawargit d imik by Mohamed Akounad 4 In 2020 17 novels were published a record in terms of the production of shilha novels 5 This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2015 See also EditTashelhiyt language Islḥiyn Shilha people References Edit Classical Ethiopian Ge ez has a large and old literary heritage There are some Malagasy manuscripts that date from the 17th century and a few Swahili manuscripts that may date from the 17th or 18th century Hausamanuscripts probably all date from the 19th century and after Term introduced by Galand Pernet 1972 137 Aboulkacem El Khatir Afulay Amazighnews Tawargit d imik Amazighnews Maroc En 2020 24 romans ont ete publies dans les langues amazighes tacelḥit tarifit tamaziɣt n usammer Bibliography EditBoogert N van den 1997 The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous With an edition and translation of The Ocean of Tears by Muḥammad Awzal d 1749 De Goeje Fund Vol XXVII Leiden NINO ISBN 90 6258 971 5 Galand Pernet P 1972 Recueil de poemes chleuhs Paris Klincksieck ISBN 2 252 01415 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shilha literature amp oldid 1075697995, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
