This article is about string instrument technique. For a change of modal frame, see Level (music).
On a string instrument, position is the relative location of the hand on the instrument's neck, indicated by ordinal numbers (e.g., 3rd). Fingering, independent of position, is indicated by numbers, 1-4. Different positions on the same string are reached through shifting.
Violin First Position Fingerings
With experience, string players become accustomed to the required shape and position of the left hand. Some positions are located relative to certain touch references, or landmarks on the instrument. For example, fourth position on the cello (used in the example below) has the player's thumb resting in the "saddle" of the neck root. Similarly, higher positions on the violin make use of the instrument's "shoulder" (treble-side edge of the top's upper bout) as a touch reference. Some electric string instruments, without a traditionally shaped body, still incorporate a reference feature imitating that shoulder's shape.
Shifting and notation on bowed instrumentsedit
On a string instrument, shifting, or a shift, is a movement of the fingers of the left hand from one position to another on the same string. When done skillfully shifting avoids string noise.
A shift is usually indicated by a fingering number (1–4) on the first note after the shift. Additionally, the string or position may be indicated as well, following one of several notation conventions.[1] The position can be indicated by ordinal numbers (e.g., "3rd") or a roman numeral (e.g., "III. pos", "III. Pos", or just "III").[2][3] The string can be indicated by string name (e.g., "sul G") or by a roman number[4] (counting from high to low pitches, e.g., "II" for the A string on a violin).
Possible string technique and notation demonstrated on a bit of "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star", played on a cello. Note the string change to A avoided through shifting and the string change to the G string: the A could have been played open like the D and the entire line could have been in 1st position.
Although the technique must have been known, based on the fingering and repertoire, treatises do not discuss explicitly it until the 19th century.[5] Among the earliest appearances is the term démancher (lit. "to shift") in Michel Corrette's L'école d'Orphée (Paris, 1738).[6]
The trombone produces notes within its range by extending the main slide to different positions. In first position, the length of the bore is at its shortest; seventh position puts the slide at its furthest extension, at the edge of the inner slide's stockings. (These are sections of slightly greater diameter at the ends of the inner slide tubes.) Positions 3 and 4 may be located by referring the player's right hand to the bell of the instrument. Each player "has a different way of visualizing where the positions of the slide trombone are in relation to each other"[8] Positions, especially in the higher register, may need to be shortened or lengthened (sharpened or flattened) to play in tune. Lower-numbered (shorter) positions are closer together than higher-numbered ones. Positions six and seven are primarily useful in the lower part of the trombone's range.
Some notes may be sounded at more than one position; for example, D4 may be sounded either in position 1 or 4. As a result, trombonists often spend time studying a part to determine how to approach a particular phrase.
^Ryan, Lee F. (1991). The Natural Classical Guitar: The Principles of Effortless Playing, p.73. ISBN0-933224-50-8.
^Douglas Yeo (26 August 2009) [2 October 1999]. "FAQ: Slide position". Retrieved 30 December 2011.
January 01, 1970
position, music, this, article, about, string, instrument, technique, change, modal, frame, level, music, string, instrument, position, relative, location, hand, instrument, neck, indicated, ordinal, numbers, fingering, independent, position, indicated, number. This article is about string instrument technique For a change of modal frame see Level music On a string instrument position is the relative location of the hand on the instrument s neck indicated by ordinal numbers e g 3rd Fingering independent of position is indicated by numbers 1 4 Different positions on the same string are reached through shifting Violin First Position Fingerings With experience string players become accustomed to the required shape and position of the left hand Some positions are located relative to certain touch references or landmarks on the instrument For example fourth position on the cello used in the example below has the player s thumb resting in the saddle of the neck root Similarly higher positions on the violin make use of the instrument s shoulder treble side edge of the top s upper bout as a touch reference Some electric string instruments without a traditionally shaped body still incorporate a reference feature imitating that shoulder s shape Shifting and notation on bowed instruments editOn a string instrument shifting or a shift is a movement of the fingers of the left hand from one position to another on the same string When done skillfully shifting avoids string noise A shift is usually indicated by a fingering number 1 4 on the first note after the shift Additionally the string or position may be indicated as well following one of several notation conventions 1 The position can be indicated by ordinal numbers e g 3rd or a roman numeral e g III pos III Pos or just III 2 3 The string can be indicated by string name e g sul G or by a roman number 4 counting from high to low pitches e g II for the A string on a violin nbsp Possible string technique and notation demonstrated on a bit of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star played on a cello Note the string change to A avoided through shifting and the string change to the G string the A could have been played open like the D and the entire line could have been in 1st position Although the technique must have been known based on the fingering and repertoire treatises do not discuss explicitly it until the 19th century 5 Among the earliest appearances is the term demancher lit to shift in Michel Corrette s L ecole d Orphee Paris 1738 6 Guitar editIn reference to classical guitar Fernando Sor recommends that one should be sparing of the operations called barring and shifting 7 Trombone position editSee also Trombone technique The trombone produces notes within its range by extending the main slide to different positions In first position the length of the bore is at its shortest seventh position puts the slide at its furthest extension at the edge of the inner slide s stockings These are sections of slightly greater diameter at the ends of the inner slide tubes Positions 3 and 4 may be located by referring the player s right hand to the bell of the instrument Each player has a different way of visualizing where the positions of the slide trombone are in relation to each other 8 Positions especially in the higher register may need to be shortened or lengthened sharpened or flattened to play in tune Lower numbered shorter positions are closer together than higher numbered ones Positions six and seven are primarily useful in the lower part of the trombone s range Some notes may be sounded at more than one position for example D4 may be sounded either in position 1 or 4 As a result trombonists often spend time studying a part to determine how to approach a particular phrase See also editStopped note Thumb positionSources edit Roman numerals above string instrument notes Stackexchange 2017 Whistler Introducing the positions for violin 1944 Hans Sitt 100 Violin etudes book 3 edited by Eugene Gruenberg Sevcik Otakar School of Violin Technique 1881 Monosoff Sonya 2001 Shift In Sadie Stanley Tyrrell John eds The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2nd ed London Macmillan Publishers ISBN 978 1 56159 239 5 Boyden David D 2001 Demancher In Sadie Stanley Tyrrell John eds The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2nd ed London Macmillan Publishers ISBN 978 1 56159 239 5 Ryan Lee F 1991 The Natural Classical Guitar The Principles of Effortless Playing p 73 ISBN 0 933224 50 8 Douglas Yeo 26 August 2009 2 October 1999 FAQ Slide position Retrieved 30 December 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Position music amp oldid 1180955140, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
