Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high.[2]Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.[3]Shewanella chilikensis, a species of the genus Shewanella commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.[4]
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells.[5]
Biochemical characteristics of Shewanella speciesedit
Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Shewanella species are shown in the Table below.[4]
Test type
Test
Characteristics
Colony characters
Size
Small, Medium
Type
Round
Color
Brownish, Pinkish
Shape
Convex
Morphological characters
Shape
Rod
Physiological characters
Motility
+
Growth at 6.5% NaCl
+
Biochemical characters
Gram's staining
–
Oxidase
+
Catalase
+
Oxidative-Fermentative
Fermentative
Motility
+
Methyl Red
–
Voges-Proskauer
–
Indole
–
H2S Production
+
Urease
+
Nitrate reductase
–
β-Galactosidase
+
Hydrolysis of
Gelatin
–
Aesculin
+
Casein
+
Tween 40
+
Tween 60
+
Tween 80
+
Acid production from
Glycerol
–
Galactose
–
D-Glucose
+
D-Fructose
+
D-Mannose
+
Mannitol
+
N-Acetylglucosamine
+
Amygdalin
+
Maltose
+
D-Melibiose
+
D-Trehalose
+
Glycogen
+
D-Turanose
+
Note: + = Positive; – =Negative
Metabolismedit
Currently known Shewanella species are heterotrophic facultative anaerobes.[6] In the absence of oxygen, members of this genus possess capabilities allowing the use of a variety of other electron acceptors for respiration. These include thiosulfate, sulfite, or elemental sulfur,[7] as well as fumarate.[8] Marine species have demonstrated an ability to use arsenic as an electron acceptor as well.[9] Some members of this species, most notably Shewanella oneidensis, have the ability to respire through a wide range of metal species, including manganese, chromium, uranium, and iron.[10] Reduction of iron and manganese through Shewanella respiration has been shown to involve extracellular electron transfer through the employment of bacterial nanowires, extensions of the outer membrane.[11]
Applicationsedit
The discovery of some of the respiratory capabilities possessed by members of this genus has opened the door to possible applications for these bacteria. The metal-reducing capabilities can potentially be applied to bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater,[12] with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide. Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells, designs that use bacteria to induce a current, have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of Shewanella possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire.[13]
Significanceedit
One of the roles that the genus Shewanella has in the environment is bioremediation.[14]Shewanella species have great metabolic versatility; they can reduce various electron acceptors.[2] Some of the electron acceptors they use are toxic substances and heavy metals, which often become less toxic after being reduced.[14] Examples of metals that Shewanella are capable of reducing and degrading include uranium, chromium, and iron.[15] Its ability to decrease toxicity of various substances makes Shewanella a useful tool for bioremediation. Specifically, Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is often used to clean up contaminated nuclear weapon manufacturing sites.[15]
Shewanella also contributes to the biogeochemical circulation of minerals.[2] Members of this genus are widely distributed in aquatic habitats, from the deep sea to the shallow Antarctic Ocean.[14] Its diverse habitats, coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals, makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals.[2] For instance, under aerobic conditions, various species of Shewanella are capable of oxidizing manganese.[16] When conditions are changed, the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products.[16] Hence, since Shewanella can both oxidize and reduce manganese, it is critical to the cycling of manganese.[16]
^ abcdEndotoxins : Structure, function and recognition. Wang, Xiaoyuan., Quinn, Peter J. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. 2010. ISBN978-9048190782. OCLC 663096120.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Adams and Moss, Food Microbiology, third edition 2008, pp 26, 138, 140,
^ abPaul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (2021-12-15). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. Bibcode:2021Aquac.54537156P. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486.
^Gorby, Yuri A.; Yanina, Svetlana; McLean, Jeffrey S.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Moyles, Dianne; Dohnalkova, Alice; Beveridge, Terry J.; Chang, In Seop; Kim, Byung Hong (2006-07-25). "Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (30): 11358–11363. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311358G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604517103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC1544091. PMID 16849424.
^Serres, Genomic Analysis of Carbon Source Metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: Predictions versus Experiments, Journal of Bacteriology, July 2006
^Burns, Anaerobic Respiration of Elemental Sulfur and Thiosulfate by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Requires psrA, a Homolog of the phsA Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 19 June 2009
^Pinchuk et al., Pyruvate and lactate metabolism by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under fermentation, oxygen limitation, and fumarate respiration conditions., Applied and Environmental Microbiology December 2011
^Saltikov et al., Expression Dynamics of Arsenic Respiration and Detoxification in Shewanella sp. Strain ANA-3, Journal of Bacteriology, Nov 2005
^Pirbadian et al., Bacterial Nanowires of Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1 are Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Extensions of the Extracellular Electron Transport Components, Biophysical Journal, Volume 108, Jan 2015
^Newsome, The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides, Chemical Geology, Volume 363, pp 164-184, 10 Jan 2014,
^Hoffman et al., Dual-chambered bio-batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol 43, Issue 7, pp 629–636, 27 Apr 2013
^ abcDikow, Rebecca B. (2011-05-12). "Genome-level homology and phylogeny of Shewanella (Gammaproteobacteria: lteromonadales: Shewanellaceae)". BMC Genomics. 12: 237. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-237. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC3107185. PMID 21569439.
^ abTim., Friend (2007). The third domain : the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. p. 247. ISBN978-0309102377. OCLC 228173040.
^ abcWright, Mitchell H.; Farooqui, Saad M.; White, Alan R.; Greene, Anthony C. (2016-08-15). "Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (17): 5402–5409. Bibcode:2016ApEnM..82.5402W. doi:10.1128/AEM.00663-16. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC4988204. PMID 27342559.
^NEW TAXA - Proteobacteria: Kim, D. (2007). "Shewanella haliotis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microflora of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (12): 2926–2931. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65257-0. PMID 18048751.
Comparative Analysis of Shewanella Genomes (at DOE'sIMG system)
January 01, 1970
shewanella, sole, genus, included, marine, bacteria, family, ceae, some, species, within, were, formerly, classed, alteromonas, consists, facultatively, anaerobic, gram, negative, rods, most, which, found, extreme, aquatic, habitats, where, temperature, very, . Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram negative rods most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high 2 Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage 3 Shewanella chilikensis a species of the genus Shewanella commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin s Island of the Bay of Bengal Bangladesh 4 Shewanella Shewanella oneidensis Scientific classification Domain Bacteria Phylum Pseudomonadota Class Gammaproteobacteria Order Alteromonadales Family ShewanellaceaeIvanova et al 2004 Genus ShewanellaMacDonell and Colwell 1985 Type species Shewanella putrefaciens Species S abyssiS aestuarii 1 S algaeS algicola 1 S algidipiscicolaS amazonensisS aquimarinaS arctica 1 S atlantica 1 S balticaS basaltis 1 S benthicaS canadensis 1 S chilikensis 1 S colwellianaS corallii 1 S decolorationisS denitrificansS dokdonensis 1 S donghaensisS fidelisS fodinae 1 S frigidimarinaS gaetbuliS gelidimarinaS glacialipiscicolaS gelidii 1 S hafniensisS halifaxensisS haliotisS hanedaiS indica 1 S inventionis 1 S irciniaeS japonicaS kaireiticaS litorisediminis 1 S livingstonensisS loihicaS mangrovi 1 S marina 1 S marinintestinaS marisflaviS morhuaeS olleyanaS oneidensisS oshoroensis citation needed S piezotolerans 1 S pacificaS pealeanaS piezotoleransS pneumatophoriS profundaS psychrophilaS putrefaciensS sairaeS schegelianaS sediminisS seohaensis 1 S spongiaeS surugensisS upenei 1 S vesiculosa 1 S violaceaS waksmaniiS woodyiS xiamenensis 1 Shewanella oneidensis MR 1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells 5 Contents 1 Biochemical characteristics of Shewanella species 2 Metabolism 2 1 Applications 3 Significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksBiochemical characteristics of Shewanella species editColony morphological physiological and biochemical characteristics of Shewanella species are shown in the Table below 4 Test type Test Characteristics Colony characters Size Small Medium Type Round Color Brownish Pinkish Shape Convex Morphological characters Shape Rod Physiological characters Motility Growth at 6 5 NaCl Biochemical characters Gram s staining Oxidase Catalase Oxidative Fermentative Fermentative Motility Methyl Red Voges Proskauer Indole H2S Production Urease Nitrate reductase b Galactosidase Hydrolysis of Gelatin Aesculin Casein Tween 40 Tween 60 Tween 80 Acid production from Glycerol Galactose D Glucose D Fructose D Mannose Mannitol N Acetylglucosamine Amygdalin Maltose D Melibiose D Trehalose Glycogen D Turanose Note Positive NegativeMetabolism editCurrently known Shewanella species are heterotrophic facultative anaerobes 6 In the absence of oxygen members of this genus possess capabilities allowing the use of a variety of other electron acceptors for respiration These include thiosulfate sulfite or elemental sulfur 7 as well as fumarate 8 Marine species have demonstrated an ability to use arsenic as an electron acceptor as well 9 Some members of this species most notably Shewanella oneidensis have the ability to respire through a wide range of metal species including manganese chromium uranium and iron 10 Reduction of iron and manganese through Shewanella respiration has been shown to involve extracellular electron transfer through the employment of bacterial nanowires extensions of the outer membrane 11 Applications edit The discovery of some of the respiratory capabilities possessed by members of this genus has opened the door to possible applications for these bacteria The metal reducing capabilities can potentially be applied to bioremediation of uranium contaminated groundwater 12 with the reduced form of uranium produced being easier to remove from water than the more soluble uranium oxide Scientists researching the creation of microbial fuel cells designs that use bacteria to induce a current have also made use of the metal reducing capabilities some species of Shewanella possess as a part of their metabolic repertoire 13 Significance editOne of the roles that the genus Shewanella has in the environment is bioremediation 14 Shewanella species have great metabolic versatility they can reduce various electron acceptors 2 Some of the electron acceptors they use are toxic substances and heavy metals which often become less toxic after being reduced 14 Examples of metals that Shewanella are capable of reducing and degrading include uranium chromium and iron 15 Its ability to decrease toxicity of various substances makes Shewanella a useful tool for bioremediation Specifically Shewanella oneidensis strain MR 1 is often used to clean up contaminated nuclear weapon manufacturing sites 15 Shewanella also contributes to the biogeochemical circulation of minerals 2 Members of this genus are widely distributed in aquatic habitats from the deep sea to the shallow Antarctic Ocean 14 Its diverse habitats coupled to its ability to reduce a variety of metals makes the genus critical for the cycling of minerals 2 For instance under aerobic conditions various species of Shewanella are capable of oxidizing manganese 16 When conditions are changed the same species can reduce the manganese oxide products 16 Hence since Shewanella can both oxidize and reduce manganese it is critical to the cycling of manganese 16 See also editShewanella haliotis 17 Electric bacteriaReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u LPSN lpsn dsmz de a b c d Endotoxins Structure function and recognition Wang Xiaoyuan Quinn Peter J Dordrecht Springer Verlag 2010 ISBN 978 9048190782 OCLC 663096120 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Adams and Moss Food Microbiology third edition 2008 pp 26 138 140 a b Paul Sulav Indra Rahman Md Mahbubur Salam Mohammad Abdus Khan Md Arifur Rahman Islam Md Tofazzal 2021 12 15 Identification of marine sponge associated bacteria of the Saint Martin s island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita Aquaculture 545 737156 Bibcode 2021Aquac 54537156P doi 10 1016 j aquaculture 2021 737156 ISSN 0044 8486 Gorby Yuri A Yanina Svetlana McLean Jeffrey S Rosso Kevin M Moyles Dianne Dohnalkova Alice Beveridge Terry J Chang In Seop Kim Byung Hong 2006 07 25 Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR 1 and other microorganisms Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 30 11358 11363 Bibcode 2006PNAS 10311358G doi 10 1073 pnas 0604517103 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 1544091 PMID 16849424 Serres Genomic Analysis of Carbon Source Metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis MR 1 Predictions versus Experiments Journal of Bacteriology July 2006 Burns Anaerobic Respiration of Elemental Sulfur and Thiosulfate by Shewanella oneidensis MR 1 Requires psrA a Homolog of the phsA Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 19 June 2009 Pinchuk et al Pyruvate and lactate metabolism by Shewanella oneidensis MR 1 under fermentation oxygen limitation and fumarate respiration conditions Applied and Environmental Microbiology December 2011 Saltikov et al Expression Dynamics of Arsenic Respiration and Detoxification in Shewanella sp Strain ANA 3 Journal of Bacteriology Nov 2005 Tiedje Shewanella the environmentally versatile genome Nature Biotechnology Pirbadian et al Bacterial Nanowires of Shewanella Oneidensis MR 1 are Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Extensions of the Extracellular Electron Transport Components Biophysical Journal Volume 108 Jan 2015 Newsome The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides Chemical Geology Volume 363 pp 164 184 10 Jan 2014 Hoffman et al Dual chambered bio batteries using immobilized mediator electrodes Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Vol 43 Issue 7 pp 629 636 27 Apr 2013 a b c Dikow Rebecca B 2011 05 12 Genome level homology and phylogeny of Shewanella Gammaproteobacteria lteromonadales Shewanellaceae BMC Genomics 12 237 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 12 237 ISSN 1471 2164 PMC 3107185 PMID 21569439 a b Tim Friend 2007 The third domain the untold story of archaea and the future of biotechnology Washington D C Joseph Henry Press p 247 ISBN 978 0309102377 OCLC 228173040 a b c Wright Mitchell H Farooqui Saad M White Alan R Greene Anthony C 2016 08 15 Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82 17 5402 5409 Bibcode 2016ApEnM 82 5402W doi 10 1128 AEM 00663 16 ISSN 0099 2240 PMC 4988204 PMID 27342559 NEW TAXA Proteobacteria Kim D 2007 Shewanella haliotis sp nov isolated from the gut microflora of abalone Haliotis discus hannai International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57 12 2926 2931 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 65257 0 PMID 18048751 External links editList of bacterial genera named after personal names Shewanella Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database Comparative Analysis of Shewanella Genomes at DOE s IMG system Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shewanella amp oldid 1219378948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
