Seyid Riza
Seyid Riza (Kurdish: سەید ڕەزا ,Seyîd Riza,[1][2] unknown date 1863 – 15 November 1937) was an Alevi Zaza-Kurdish[3][4][5] political leader of the Alevi Zaza-Kurds[6] of Dersim,[7] a religious figure and the leader of the Dersim movement[8] in Turkey during the 1937–1938 Dersim Rebellion.
Seyîd Riza | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1863 |
| Died | November 1937 (Aged 74) Elazığ, Turkey |
| Nationality | Kurdish-Zaza |
| Occupation | Tribal leader |
| Known for | Executed for being one of the leaders of the Dersim rebellion. |
Biography
Riza was born in Lirtik, a village in the Ovacık district, as the youngest of four sons of Seyid Ibrahim, leader of the Hesenan tribe. Seyid Riza succeeded his father as leader after Ibrahim's death in accordance with his will.[9] During the First World War he led the tribe on the side of the Ottoman Empire against the Russians. He reportedly did not always comply with the demands placed upon him by the Ottomans, for instance refusing to hand over for deportation Armenians in his area of influence during the Armenian genocide.[9] He also granted protection to the leaders of the Koçgiri Rebellion. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Seyid Riza was a constant concern for the Turkish government as he remained largely autonomous and beyond the control of authorities in the Dersim region.[9] Following the passing of the Resettlement law in 1934, and the Tunceli Law in 1935,[10] Seyid Riza began to oppose the Turkish authorities. The Tunceli Law prescribed that the Dersim region would become Tunceli province and placed it under military control of the Fourth Inspectorate General.[11] During the Newroz festivities of March 1937, Seyid Riza called for a rebellion against the Turkish government. The rebellion was suppressed by the Turkish military by September of the same year.[9] On September 12, 1937, he was arrested with seventy-two other rebels on their way to negotiations with the Turkish government.[12]
The trial and his execution
Seyid Riza was tried and sentenced after a trial that lasted two weeks and consisted of three hearings. The final sentence was passed on a Saturday, a highly unusual day for a court to be in session at that time. This abnormal course of events was due to Mustafa Atatürk's impending visit to the region and the local government's fear that the Turkish head of state would be petitioned to grant Riza amnesty.[13] The chief judge of the court at first refused to render his final verdict on a Saturday, citing a lack of electricity at night and the absence of a hangman. After local authorities arranged to light the courtroom with automobile headlights and found a hangman, everything was set for the passing of the sentence. Eleven men, including Seyid Riza himself, his son Uşene Seyid, Aliye Mırze Sili, Cıvrail Ağa, Hesen Ağa, Fındık Ağa, Resik Hüseyin and Hesene İvraime Qıji were sentenced to death. Four death sentences were commuted to 30 years imprisonment.[14] Seyid Riza was 74 years old when the sentence was announced making him legally ineligible to be executed by hanging. The court, however, accepted that he was 54, not 74. Riza did not understand his sentence until he saw the gallows. His final moments were witnessed by İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil:
'Seyid Riza understood the situation immediately when he saw the gallows. "You will hang me," he said. Then he turned to me and asked: "did you come from Ankara to hang me?" We exchanged glances. It was the first time I faced a man who was going to be hanged. He flashed a smile at me. The prosecutor asked whether he wanted to pray. He didn't. We asked for his last words. "I have forty liras and a watch. You will give them to my son." he said. We brought him to the square. It was cold and deserted. However, Seyid Riza addressed the silence and emptiness as though the square were full of people. "We are the sons of Karbala. We are blameless. It is shameful. It is cruel. It is murder!" he said. I had goosebumps. The old man walked briskly to the gallows and shoved the hangman out of the way. He put the rope around his neck and kicked the chair, executing himself. However, it is hard to feel sorry for a man who hanged a boy as young as his own son. When Seyid Riza was hanged his son's voice could be heard from the side: "I'll be your slave! I'll be your muse! Feel some pity for my youth, don't kill me!"[15]'
Aftermath
In a letter explaining the reason for the Dersim rebellion to British foreign secretary Anthony Eden, Seyid Riza is said to have written the following:[16]
"The government has tried to assimilate the Kurdish people for years, oppressing them, banning publications in Kurdish, persecuting those who speak Kurdish, forcibly deporting people from fertile parts of Kurdistan to uncultivated areas of Anatolia where many have perished. The prisons are full of non-combatants, intellectuals are shot, hanged or exiled to remote places. Three million Kurds demand to live in freedom and peace in their own country."
A document, submitted to the Presidency with the signature of Minister of Interior Şükrü Kaya on 18 October 1937, states that this letter was in fact written, and signed, by a person named Yusuf in Syria.[17]
It is indeed very likely that this letter was not sent by Seyid Riza but by Nuri Dersimi, a Kurdish revolutionary from Dersim who took refuge in Syria. The letter was written in a failed attempt to get support for the Kurdish nationalist cause from Western powers. Turkish authorities used the letter as evidence that Seyid Riza rebelled against the state but never proved that the letter was in fact written by him. English archives supposedly show that the letter was signed by Nuri Dersimi.[18]
His grave
Seyid Riza was buried in secret and the whereabouts of his grave remain unknown. There is an ongoing campaign to find the burial site.[19] During a visit to Tunceli, president Abdullah Gül was asked to disclose the location of the grave where Seyid Riza and his companions were laid to rest after their execution. "This is not a difficult issue, it is in the state archives." said Hüseyin Aygün a lawmaker from Dersim/Tunceli, representing the province in Turkish parliament for opposition party CHP.[20]
Memorial
In 2010 a statue of Seyid Riza was erected at one of the entrances to Tunceli[21] and the park around the statue was named after him.[22]
See also
References
- ^ "Partiyeke Tirkiyê dixwaze peykerê Seyîd Riza yê li Dêrsimê were rakirin!". Peyama Kurd (in Kurdish). Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ "بۆچی لە ڕۆژی لەسێدارەدانیدا ئەتاتورک چاوی بە سەید ڕەزای دەرسیم کەوت؟" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ Donmez-Colin, Gonul (19 July 2019). Women in the Cinemas of Iran and Turkey: As Images and as Image-Makers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-05029-6.
- ^ Meiselas, Susan; Bruinessen, Martin van; Whitley, A. (1997). Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-42389-8.
- ^ Bates, Eliot (2016). Digital Tradition: Arrangement and Labor in Istanbul's Recording Studio Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021573-6.
- ^ . Nazmi Sevgen, Zazalar ve Kızılbaşlar: Coğrafya-Tarih-Hukuk-Folklor-Teogoni, Kalan Yayınları, Ağustos 1999, ISBN 975-8424-00-9(On Turkish Language)
- ^ Altan Tan, Kürt sorunu, Timas Basim Ticaret San As, 2009, ISBN 978-975-263-884-6, p. 28.
- ^ Celal Sayan, La construction de l'état national turc et le mouvement national kurde, 1918–1938, Volume 1, 2002, Presses universitaires du septentrion, p. 680.
- ^ a b c d (PDF). Heinrich Böll Stiftung. pp. 235–236. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Törne, Annika (5 November 2019). Dersim – Geographie der Erinnerungen: Eine Untersuchung von Narrativen über Verfolgung und Gewalt (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-11-062771-8.
- ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (19 January 2016). "Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html. Retrieved 22 December 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Seyit Rıza Teslim oldu". Kurun (in Turkish). 13 September 1937. p. 1.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ "Seyit Rıza'nın kabul edilmeyen son isteği; "Beni oğlumdan önce asın! » Cafrande Kültür Sanat". 4 May 2018.
- ^ "Dersim'i Çağlayangil ve Batur'dan Dinliyoruz - bianet".
- ^ McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, page 208. I.B. Tauris, 2004.
- ^ "Seyit Rıza'nın 75 yıl sonra ortaya çıkan mektupları VİDEO-GALERİ". www.haberturk.com (in Turkish). 10 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- ^ The Upper Echelons of the State in Dersim, by Abdullah Kiliç and Ayça Örer, published (in Turkish) in Radikal paper, 20–24 November 2011. An English translation: http://www.timdrayton.com/a55.html
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "President Gül Faces Demands from Tunceli - Erol Önderoğlu - english".
- ^ Hirsch, Helga (19 November 2011). "Ein (fast) vergessenes Massaker". Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Victims of Dersim genocide remembered". ANF News. Retrieved 3 April 2019.