The Swedish wars on Bremen were fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden, themselves territories immediately beneath the emperor. Sweden was able to gain some territory, but despite forcing a formal oath of allegiance on Bremen, did not gain control of the town.
During the negotiations, several mostly Hanseatic cities requested that they become Imperial cities, with only Bremen being successful: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor accepted Bremen as a Free imperial city in 1646.[2] A respective document was signed in Linz on 1 June, with the aim of preventing Sweden from gaining the city.[3] In turn Bremen, among other concessions, paid about 100.000 talers.[4] Owing to Swedish diplomatic efforts however, the text of the 1648 treaty did not determine whether or not Bremen was to be included in the future Swedish dominion.[2]
The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, northerly and easterly neighbouring the city's territory, had been occupied by Sweden since 1646/47. Swedish forces had then expelled the forces of Prince-Archbishop Frederick II, Prince of Denmark, officiating from 1637 to 1648. On 18 February 1647, the emperor accepted Sweden's annexation of the prince-archbishopric's territory as a secularized duchy.[3]
After the war a dispute about custom collection between Bremen and the emperor led to the latter imposing an Imperial ban on the city in 1652/53. Sweden, which had never accepted Bremen's Imperial immediacy, attacked in 1654.[4]
First war (1654)edit
Treaty of Stade, reprint
Swedish forces commanded by Hans Kristofer von Königsmark occupied part of the territory held by the city, but did not attack the city itself. Bremen recruited mercenaries and strengthened its defensive works. Without engaging in any major confrontation, the parties agreed on the First Stade Recess [de] on 28 November. It was agreed that Sweden kept occupied Bederkesa and Lehe, and Bremen had to pledge allegiance to the Swedish king Charles X Gustav. Bremen did so on 6 December.[4]
Second war (1666)edit
In 1665, Bremen refused to pledge allegiance to Charles X Gustav's successor, Charles XI of Sweden.[4] In March, the Swedish riksråd decided to wage war.[5] Thereupon, 12,000 Swedish troops were transferred to the Duchy of Bremen by the end of the year.[4] In January 1666, Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army,[6] which in early 1666 numbered 14,000 troops.[7] By summer, all of the city of Bremen's territory was occupied, except the city itself.[4]
The Swedish chancellor of Bremen-Verden, Esaias von Pufendorf, went to the court in Paris to build an alliance with France. The Swedish position was that France had to intervene on the Swedish side, since Bremen was Swedish according to the Peace of Westphalia, of which France was a guarantor. Pufendorf was, however, told by Hugues de Lionne that France would not hesitate to declare openly that she read the treaty as Bremen being an Imperial city, rather than provoke a new great war with the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic with an assault Sweden and France could hardly win. Lionne said Sweden would be better off waiting for a situation when the Dutch and the neighboring German principalities were weak, and then take the city of Bremen by surprise.[8]
The city of Bremen on the other side was successful in gathering allies, most notably Brunswick-Lüneburg (Celle) and the Electorate of Cologne, who raised a relief army. Brandenburg, Denmark and the Dutch Republic joined the anti-Swedish alliance. Wrangel failed to take the city, and initiated negotiations at his headquarters in Habenhausen. On 14 November, the Peace of Habenhausen was signed: Swedish Bremen-Verden was obliged to destroy the fortresses built close to the city. Bremen had to dispense with its status as an Imperial city during the contemporary sessions of the Imperial Diet, which were scheduled to last until the end of the 17th century. Bremen was also banned from emitting representatives to the Diet of the Lower Saxon Circle. What could not be foreseen at the time of the peace was that the Imperial Diet was to become the "Perpetual Diet of Regensburg", lasting until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river.[9] However, the city itself with a number of villages around, maintained its independence. When in 1700 Charles XII of Sweden asked Bremen-Verden's General Government what to do about Bremen's independence, the General Government recommended to concede its status as a Free Imperial City.
Aftermathedit
In 1672, Sweden founded Carlsburg at the confluence of the Weser and Geeste rivers to compete with Bremen, but the settlement did not prosper.[9] Sweden later lost all of Bremen-Verden during the Great Northern War (1700–1721).[7]
Sourcesedit
Referencesedit
^Rosén, John; Westrin, Th., eds. (1885). "Königsmark, Hans Kristofer von". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Vol. 9. Stockholm: Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok. pp. 414–415. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
Asmus, Ivo (2003). "Das Testament des Grafen. Die pommerschen Besitzungen Carl Gustav Wrangels nach Tod, förmyndarräfst und Reduktion". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN3-8258-7150-9.
Elmshäuser, Konrad (2007). Geschichte Bremens. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Vol. 2605. Munich: Beck. ISBN3-406-55533-0.
Fiedler, Beate-Christine (2003). "Esaias v. Putendorf (1628-1689). Diplomat in Europa und Kanzler in den schwedischen Herzogtümern Bremen und Verden - eine biographische Skizze". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN3-8258-7150-9.
Postel, Rainer (1998). "Zur "erhaltung dern commercien und darüber habende privilegia". Hansische Politik auf dem Westfälischen Friedenskongreß". In Duchhardt, Heinz (ed.). Der westfälische Friede: Diplomatie, politische Zäsur, kulturelles Umfeld, Rezeptionsgeschichte. Historische Zeitschrift (in German). Vol. Beiheft 26. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN3-486-56328-9.
November 03, 2023
swedish, wars, bremen, were, fought, between, swedish, empire, hanseatic, town, bremen, 1654, 1666, bremen, claimed, subject, holy, roman, emperor, maintaining, imperial, immediacy, while, sweden, claimed, bremen, mediatised, part, dominions, bremen, verden, t. The Swedish wars on Bremen were fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666 Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor maintaining Imperial immediacy while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen Verden themselves territories immediately beneath the emperor Sweden was able to gain some territory but despite forcing a formal oath of allegiance on Bremen did not gain control of the town First and Second Swedish wars on BremenSiege of Bremen 1666Date1654 1666LocationBremen Verden BremenResultTreaties of Stade 1654 and Habenhausen 1666 BelligerentsSwedenBremen 1654 66 Electorate of Cologne 1666 Brunswick Luneburg Celle 1666 Denmark Norway 1666 Electorate of Brandenburg 1666 Dutch Republic 1666 Commanders and leadersHans Kristofer von Konigsmark 1 1654 Carl Gustaf Wrangel 1666 Contents 1 Background 2 First war 1654 3 Second war 1666 4 Aftermath 5 Sources 5 1 References 5 2 BibliographyBackground editFurther information Thirty Years War and Peace of Westphalia When in 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War the parties agreed that the prince bishoprics of Bremen and Verden were to become dominions of Sweden The peace treaty had been prepared at a congress throughout the final years of the war 2 During the negotiations several mostly Hanseatic cities requested that they become Imperial cities with only Bremen being successful Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor accepted Bremen as a Free imperial city in 1646 2 A respective document was signed in Linz on 1 June with the aim of preventing Sweden from gaining the city 3 In turn Bremen among other concessions paid about 100 000 talers 4 Owing to Swedish diplomatic efforts however the text of the 1648 treaty did not determine whether or not Bremen was to be included in the future Swedish dominion 2 The Prince Archbishopric of Bremen northerly and easterly neighbouring the city s territory had been occupied by Sweden since 1646 47 Swedish forces had then expelled the forces of Prince Archbishop Frederick II Prince of Denmark officiating from 1637 to 1648 On 18 February 1647 the emperor accepted Sweden s annexation of the prince archbishopric s territory as a secularized duchy 3 After the war a dispute about custom collection between Bremen and the emperor led to the latter imposing an Imperial ban on the city in 1652 53 Sweden which had never accepted Bremen s Imperial immediacy attacked in 1654 4 First war 1654 edit nbsp Treaty of Stade reprintSwedish forces commanded by Hans Kristofer von Konigsmark occupied part of the territory held by the city but did not attack the city itself Bremen recruited mercenaries and strengthened its defensive works Without engaging in any major confrontation the parties agreed on the First Stade Recess de on 28 November It was agreed that Sweden kept occupied Bederkesa and Lehe and Bremen had to pledge allegiance to the Swedish king Charles X Gustav Bremen did so on 6 December 4 Second war 1666 editIn 1665 Bremen refused to pledge allegiance to Charles X Gustav s successor Charles XI of Sweden 4 In March the Swedish riksrad decided to wage war 5 Thereupon 12 000 Swedish troops were transferred to the Duchy of Bremen by the end of the year 4 In January 1666 Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army 6 which in early 1666 numbered 14 000 troops 7 By summer all of the city of Bremen s territory was occupied except the city itself 4 The Swedish chancellor of Bremen Verden Esaias von Pufendorf went to the court in Paris to build an alliance with France The Swedish position was that France had to intervene on the Swedish side since Bremen was Swedish according to the Peace of Westphalia of which France was a guarantor Pufendorf was however told by Hugues de Lionne that France would not hesitate to declare openly that she read the treaty as Bremen being an Imperial city rather than provoke a new great war with the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic with an assault Sweden and France could hardly win Lionne said Sweden would be better off waiting for a situation when the Dutch and the neighboring German principalities were weak and then take the city of Bremen by surprise 8 nbsp Bremen Verden in 1655 Bremen center bottom and the secularized Prince Archbishopric of Bremen center in yellow Verden bottom right in red The city of Bremen on the other side was successful in gathering allies most notably Brunswick Luneburg Celle and the Electorate of Cologne who raised a relief army Brandenburg Denmark and the Dutch Republic joined the anti Swedish alliance Wrangel failed to take the city and initiated negotiations at his headquarters in Habenhausen On 14 November the Peace of Habenhausen was signed Swedish Bremen Verden was obliged to destroy the fortresses built close to the city Bremen had to dispense with its status as an Imperial city during the contemporary sessions of the Imperial Diet which were scheduled to last until the end of the 17th century Bremen was also banned from emitting representatives to the Diet of the Lower Saxon Circle What could not be foreseen at the time of the peace was that the Imperial Diet was to become the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg lasting until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river 9 However the city itself with a number of villages around maintained its independence When in 1700 Charles XII of Sweden asked Bremen Verden s General Government what to do about Bremen s independence the General Government recommended to concede its status as a Free Imperial City Aftermath editIn 1672 Sweden founded Carlsburg at the confluence of the Weser and Geeste rivers to compete with Bremen but the settlement did not prosper 9 Sweden later lost all of Bremen Verden during the Great Northern War 1700 1721 7 Sources editReferences edit Rosen John Westrin Th eds 1885 Konigsmark Hans Kristofer von Nordisk familjebok in Swedish Vol 9 Stockholm Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok pp 414 415 Retrieved 16 December 2009 a b c Postler 1998 p 529 a b Elmshauser 2007 p 58 a b c d e f Elmshauser 2007 p 59 Fiedler 2003 p 177 Fiedler 2003 p 178 a b Asmus 2003 p 298 Fiedler 2003 p 179 a b Elmshauser 2007 p 60 Bibliography edit Asmus Ivo 2003 Das Testament des Grafen Die pommerschen Besitzungen Carl Gustav Wrangels nach Tod formyndarrafst und Reduktion In Asmus Ivo Droste Heiko Olesen Jens E eds Gemeinsame Bekannte Schweden und Deutschland in der Fruhen Neuzeit in German Berlin Hamburg Munster LIT Verlag ISBN 3 8258 7150 9 Elmshauser Konrad 2007 Geschichte Bremens Beck sche Reihe in German Vol 2605 Munich Beck ISBN 3 406 55533 0 Fiedler Beate Christine 2003 Esaias v Putendorf 1628 1689 Diplomat in Europa und Kanzler in den schwedischen Herzogtumern Bremen und Verden eine biographische Skizze In Asmus Ivo Droste Heiko Olesen Jens E eds Gemeinsame Bekannte Schweden und Deutschland in der Fruhen Neuzeit in German Berlin Hamburg Munster LIT Verlag ISBN 3 8258 7150 9 Postel Rainer 1998 Zur erhaltung dern commercien und daruber habende privilegia Hansische Politik auf dem Westfalischen Friedenskongress In Duchhardt Heinz ed Der westfalische Friede Diplomatie politische Zasur kulturelles Umfeld Rezeptionsgeschichte Historische Zeitschrift in German Vol Beiheft 26 Munich Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag ISBN 3 486 56328 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Swedish wars on Bremen amp oldid 1101031879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
