Scorias spongiosa is a specialist and grows exclusively on the honeydew formed by colonies of the beech blight aphid, Grylloprociphilus imbricator. This aphid is found only on one host plant, the American beech tree, Fagus grandifolia, where it congregates on branches and twigs, creating copious amounts of honeydew that drip onto vegetation below.[1] The large quantity of honeydew enables this fungus to grow to a large size, much bigger than other sooty mould fungi, which produce only a thin black layer on the surface of leaves. On tree trunks this fungus has been known to grow into a mass of hyphae as big as a football, but it is more usual for the agglomeration on branches or twigs to reach a diameter of about fifteen centimetres.[2]
Life cycle
The aphids accumulate in late summer and autumn, forming large colonies. Spores of Scorias spongiosa are borne by wind and rain and fall on the honeydew secretions found below the aphids. The first hyphal growth is straw coloured and unpigmented. The hyphae adhere to each other for short distances, diverging and re-adhering to form a loose stranded structure. Pigmentation begins to occur on the surfaces of outer strands and the stroma begins to darken. The hyphae coalesce and form mycelial strands which radiate outward and upward from the supporting structure.[3] Flask-shaped, spore-bearing pycnidia appear on the mycelia, which have a waxlike appearance: the matrix turns from brittle to soft as it absorbs moisture.[4] As further quantities of honeydew accumulate, the fungus grows larger until it resembles a gelatinous sponge resting on the branches or leaves of the beech tree. Fully pigmented strands in the mature stoma produce bowl-shaped pseudothecia and these outermost hyphae cease to grow. The inner strands continue growth and force their way to the exterior. Asexual conidia are extruded in a slimy matrix in liquid droplets from the pycnidia. As time passes the stroma becomes a spongy black mass and produces sexual spores called ascospores in the pseudothecia, which remain embedded in the stroma.[2][3]
Beech branch covered in beech blight aphids and S. spongiosa
Young, unpigmented S. spongiosa specimen growing on a beech branch
Patches of S. spongiosa growing on a beech trunk
S. spongiosa growing on the base of a beech tree covered in honey dew
scorias, spongiosa, sooty, mould, fungus, that, grows, aphid, honeydew, member, capnodiaceae, family, ascomycete, fungi, found, only, american, beech, trees, fagus, grandifolia, scientific, classificationkingdom, fungiphylum, ascomycotasubphylum, pezizomycotin. Scorias spongiosa is a sooty mould fungus that grows on aphid honeydew It is a member of the Capnodiaceae family of ascomycete fungi It is found only on American beech trees Fagus grandifolia Scorias spongiosaScorias spongiosaScientific classificationKingdom FungiPhylum AscomycotaSubphylum PezizomycotinaClass DothideomycetesSubclass DothideomycetidaeOrder CapnodialesFamily CapnodiaceaeGenus ScoriasSpecies S spongiosaBinomial nameScorias spongiosaSchweinitz 1822Overview EditScorias spongiosa is a specialist and grows exclusively on the honeydew formed by colonies of the beech blight aphid Grylloprociphilus imbricator This aphid is found only on one host plant the American beech tree Fagus grandifolia where it congregates on branches and twigs creating copious amounts of honeydew that drip onto vegetation below 1 The large quantity of honeydew enables this fungus to grow to a large size much bigger than other sooty mould fungi which produce only a thin black layer on the surface of leaves On tree trunks this fungus has been known to grow into a mass of hyphae as big as a football but it is more usual for the agglomeration on branches or twigs to reach a diameter of about fifteen centimetres 2 Life cycle EditThe aphids accumulate in late summer and autumn forming large colonies Spores of Scorias spongiosa are borne by wind and rain and fall on the honeydew secretions found below the aphids The first hyphal growth is straw coloured and unpigmented The hyphae adhere to each other for short distances diverging and re adhering to form a loose stranded structure Pigmentation begins to occur on the surfaces of outer strands and the stroma begins to darken The hyphae coalesce and form mycelial strands which radiate outward and upward from the supporting structure 3 Flask shaped spore bearing pycnidia appear on the mycelia which have a waxlike appearance the matrix turns from brittle to soft as it absorbs moisture 4 As further quantities of honeydew accumulate the fungus grows larger until it resembles a gelatinous sponge resting on the branches or leaves of the beech tree Fully pigmented strands in the mature stoma produce bowl shaped pseudothecia and these outermost hyphae cease to grow The inner strands continue growth and force their way to the exterior Asexual conidia are extruded in a slimy matrix in liquid droplets from the pycnidia As time passes the stroma becomes a spongy black mass and produces sexual spores called ascospores in the pseudothecia which remain embedded in the stroma 2 3 Beech branch covered in beech blight aphids and S spongiosa Young unpigmented S spongiosa specimen growing on a beech branch Patches of S spongiosa growing on a beech trunk S spongiosa growing on the base of a beech tree covered in honey dew Mature S spongiosa stromaReferences Edit UMass Extension The Beech Blight Aphid a b Tom Volk s Fungus of the Month Archived 2010 07 30 at the Wayback Machine a b Reynolds DR 1978 Foliicolous ascomycetes 1 The capnodiaceous genus Scorias reproduction Fries E 1829 Systema mycologicum 3 291 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scorias spongiosa amp oldid 1123245259, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
