Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period.[1][2][3] Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the Middle Ages (such as the astrolabe and pendulum clock) defy a more modern definition of "a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively."[1][3] Scientific instruments were made by instrument makers living near a center of learning or research, such as a university or research laboratory. Instrument makers designed, constructed, and refined instruments for purposes, but if demand was sufficient, an instrument would go into production as a commercial product.[4][5]
In a description of the use of the eudiometer by Jan Ingenhousz to show photosynthesis, a biographer observed, "The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis, which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community of practitioners. The eudiometer has been shown to be one of the elements in this mix that kept a whole community of researchers together, even while they were at odds about the significance and the proper use of the thing."[6]
By World War II, the demand for improved analyses of wartime products such as medicines, fuels, and weaponized agents pushed instrumentation to new heights.[7] Today, changes to instruments used in scientific endeavors — particularly analytical instruments — are occurring rapidly, with interconnections to computers and data management systems becoming increasingly necessary.[8][9]
Scope
Scientific instruments vary greatly in size, shape, purpose, complication and complexity. They include relatively simple laboratory equipment like scales, rulers, chronometers, thermometers, etc. Other simple tools developed in the late 20th century or early 21st century are the Foldscope (an optical microscope), the SCALE(KAS Periodic Table),[10] the MasSpec Pen (a pen that detects cancer), the glucose meter, etc. However, some scientific instruments can be quite large in size and significant in complexity, like particle colliders or radio-telescope antennas. Conversely, microscale and nanoscale technologies are advancing to the point where instrument sizes are shifting towards the tiny, including nanoscale surgical instruments, biological nanobots, and bioelectronics.[11][12]
The digital era
Instruments are increasingly based upon integration with computers to improve and simplify control; enhance and extend instrumental functions, conditions, and parameter adjustments; and streamline data sampling, collection, resolution, analysis (both during and post-process), and storage and retrieval. Advanced instruments can be connected as a local area network (LAN) directly or via middleware and can be further integrated as part of an information management application such as a laboratory information management system (LIMS).[13][14] Instrument connectivity can be furthered even more using internet of things (IoT) technologies, allowing for example laboratories separated by great distances to connect their instruments to a network that can be monitored from a workstation or mobile device elsewhere.[15]
The dictionary definition of -tron at Wiktionary, a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument, like in cyclotron, phytotron, synchrotron, ...
References
^ abcHessenbruch, Arne (2013). Reader's Guide to the History of Science. Taylor & Francis. pp. 675–77. ISBN9781134263011.
^Warner, Deborah Jean (March 1990). "What Is a Scientific Instrument, When Did It Become One, and Why?". The British Journal for the History of Science. 23 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1017/S0007087400044460. JSTOR 4026803.
^ ab"United States v. Presbyterian Hospital". The Federal Reporter. 71: 866–868. 1896.
^Turner, A.J. (1987). Early Scientific Instruments: Europe, 1400-1800. Phillip Wilson Publishers.
^Bedini, S.A. (1964). Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^Geerdt Magiels (2009) From Sunlight to Insight. Jan IngenHousz, the discovery of photosynthesis & science in the light of ecology, page 231, VUB Press ISBN978-90-5487-645-8
^Mukhopadhyay, R. (2008). "The Rise of Instruments during World War II". Analytical Chemistry. 80 (15): 5684–5691. doi:10.1021/ac801205u. PMID 18671339.
^McMahon, G. (2007). Analytical Instrumentation: A Guide to Laboratory, Portable and Miniaturized Instruments. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–6. ISBN9780470518557.
^Khandpur, R.S. (2016). Handbook of Analytical Instruments. McGraw Hill Education. ISBN9789339221362.
^Shadab,K.A. (2017). "KAS PERIODIC TABLE". International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 4 (7): 221–261.
^Osiander, R. (2016). Darrin, M.A.G.; Barth, J.L. (eds.). Systems Engineering for Microscale and Nanoscale Technologies. CRC Press. pp. 137–172. ISBN9781439837351.
^James, W.S.; Lemole Jr, G.M. (2015). Latifi, R.; Rhee, P.; Gruessner, R.W.G. (eds.). Technological Advances in Surgery, Trauma and Critical Care. Springer. pp. 221–230. ISBN9781493926718.
^Wilkes, R.; Megargle, R. (1994). "Integration of instruments and a laboratory information management system at the information level: An inductively coupled plasma spectrometer". Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 26 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1016/0169-7439(94)90018-3.
^Carvalho, M.C. (2013). "Integration of Analytical Instruments with Computer Scripting". Journal of Laboratory Automation. 18 (4): 328–33. doi:10.1177/2211068213476288. PMID 23413273.
^Perkel, J.M. (2017). "The Internet of Things comes to the lab". Nature. 542 (7639): 125–126. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..125P. doi:10.1038/542125a. PMID 28150787.
scientific, instrument, broader, coverage, this, topic, equipment, scientific, instrument, device, tool, used, scientific, purposes, including, study, both, natural, phenomena, theoretical, research, contents, history, scope, digital, examples, scientific, ins. For broader coverage of this topic see Equipment A scientific instrument is a device or tool used for scientific purposes including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research 1 Contents 1 History 2 Scope 3 The digital era 4 Examples of scientific instruments 5 List of scientific instruments manufacturers 6 List of scientific instruments designers 7 History of scientific instruments 7 1 Museums 7 2 Historiography 8 Types of scientific instruments 9 See also 10 ReferencesHistory EditHistorically the definition of a scientific instrument has varied based on usage laws and historical time period 1 2 3 Before the mid nineteenth century such tools were referred to as natural philosophical or philosophical apparatus and instruments and older tools from antiquity to the Middle Ages such as the astrolabe and pendulum clock defy a more modern definition of a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively 1 3 Scientific instruments were made by instrument makers living near a center of learning or research such as a university or research laboratory Instrument makers designed constructed and refined instruments for purposes but if demand was sufficient an instrument would go into production as a commercial product 4 5 In a description of the use of the eudiometer by Jan Ingenhousz to show photosynthesis a biographer observed The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community of practitioners The eudiometer has been shown to be one of the elements in this mix that kept a whole community of researchers together even while they were at odds about the significance and the proper use of the thing 6 By World War II the demand for improved analyses of wartime products such as medicines fuels and weaponized agents pushed instrumentation to new heights 7 Today changes to instruments used in scientific endeavors particularly analytical instruments are occurring rapidly with interconnections to computers and data management systems becoming increasingly necessary 8 9 Scope EditScientific instruments vary greatly in size shape purpose complication and complexity They include relatively simple laboratory equipment like scales rulers chronometers thermometers etc Other simple tools developed in the late 20th century or early 21st century are the Foldscope an optical microscope the SCALE KAS Periodic Table 10 the MasSpec Pen a pen that detects cancer the glucose meter etc However some scientific instruments can be quite large in size and significant in complexity like particle colliders or radio telescope antennas Conversely microscale and nanoscale technologies are advancing to the point where instrument sizes are shifting towards the tiny including nanoscale surgical instruments biological nanobots and bioelectronics 11 12 The digital era EditInstruments are increasingly based upon integration with computers to improve and simplify control enhance and extend instrumental functions conditions and parameter adjustments and streamline data sampling collection resolution analysis both during and post process and storage and retrieval Advanced instruments can be connected as a local area network LAN directly or via middleware and can be further integrated as part of an information management application such as a laboratory information management system LIMS 13 14 Instrument connectivity can be furthered even more using internet of things IoT technologies allowing for example laboratories separated by great distances to connect their instruments to a network that can be monitored from a workstation or mobile device elsewhere 15 Examples of scientific instruments EditFor lists of astronomical instruments see List of telescope types and List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths Accelerometer physical acceleration Ammeter electrical amperage current Anemometer wind speed Caliper distance Calorimeter heat DNA sequencer molecular biology Dynamometer torque force Electrometer electric charge potential difference Electroscope electric charge Electrostatic analyzer kinetic energy of charged particles Ellipsometer optical refractive indices Eudiometer gas volume Gravimeter gravity Hydrometer Inclinometer slope Interferometer optics infrared light spectra Magnetic tweezers biomolecular manipulation Magnetograph magnetic field Magnetometer magnetic flux Manometer air pressure Mass spectrometer compound identification characterization Micrometer distance Microscope optical magnification NMR spectrometer chemical compound identification medical diagnostic imaging Ohmmeter electrical resistance impedance Optical tweezers nanoscale manipulation Oscilloscope electric signal voltage amplitude wavelength frequency waveform shape pattern Seismometer acceleration Spectrogram sound frequency wavelength amplitude Spectrometer light frequency wavelength amplitude Telescope light magnification astronomy Thermometer temperature measurement Theodolite angles surveying Thermocouple temperature Voltmeter voltageList of scientific instruments manufacturers Edit454 Life Sciences United States of America ADInstruments New Zealand Agilent Technologies United States of America Anton Paar Austria A Reyrolle amp Company Beckman Coulter United States of America Bruker United States of America Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company United Kingdom Elementar Germany Horiba Japan JEOL Japan LECO Corporation United States of America Markes International United Kingdom Malvern Instruments United Kingdom McPherson Inc United States of America Mettler Toledo Switzerland United States of America MTS Systems Corporation USA mechanical Novacam Technologies Canada Oxford Instruments United Kingdom Pall Corp United States of America PerkinElmer United States of America Polymer Char Spain Shimadzu Corp Japan Techtron Melbourne Australia Thermo Fisher Scientific United States of America Waters Corporation United States of AmericaList of scientific instruments designers EditSee also List of astronomical instrument makers Category Scientific instrument makers and Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers Jones William Kipp Petrus Jacobus Le Bon Gustave Roelofs Arjen Schoner Johannes Von Reichenbach Georg FriedrichHistory of scientific instruments EditMuseums Edit Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments CHSI Boerhaave Museum Chemical Heritage Foundation Deutsches Museum Royal Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of Practical Science Whipple Museum of the History of ScienceHistoriography Edit Paul Bunge PrizeTypes of scientific instruments EditOptical instrument Electronic test equipmentSee also EditInstrumentation Instrumentalism a philosophic theory List of collectibles The dictionary definition of tron at Wiktionary a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument like in cyclotron phytotron synchrotron References Edit a b c Hessenbruch Arne 2013 Reader s Guide to the History of Science Taylor amp Francis pp 675 77 ISBN 9781134263011 Warner Deborah Jean March 1990 What Is a Scientific Instrument When Did It Become One and Why The British Journal for the History of Science 23 1 83 93 doi 10 1017 S0007087400044460 JSTOR 4026803 a b United States v Presbyterian Hospital The Federal Reporter 71 866 868 1896 Turner A J 1987 Early Scientific Instruments Europe 1400 1800 Phillip Wilson Publishers Bedini S A 1964 Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 18 January 2017 Geerdt Magiels 2009 From Sunlight to Insight Jan IngenHousz the discovery of photosynthesis amp science in the light of ecology page 231 VUB Press ISBN 978 90 5487 645 8 Mukhopadhyay R 2008 The Rise of Instruments during World War II Analytical Chemistry 80 15 5684 5691 doi 10 1021 ac801205u PMID 18671339 McMahon G 2007 Analytical Instrumentation A Guide to Laboratory Portable and Miniaturized Instruments John Wiley amp Sons pp 1 6 ISBN 9780470518557 Khandpur R S 2016 Handbook of Analytical Instruments McGraw Hill Education ISBN 9789339221362 Shadab K A 2017 KAS PERIODIC TABLE International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 4 7 221 261 Osiander R 2016 Darrin M A G Barth J L eds Systems Engineering for Microscale and Nanoscale Technologies CRC Press pp 137 172 ISBN 9781439837351 James W S Lemole Jr G M 2015 Latifi R Rhee P Gruessner R W G eds Technological Advances in Surgery Trauma and Critical Care Springer pp 221 230 ISBN 9781493926718 Wilkes R Megargle R 1994 Integration of instruments and a laboratory information management system at the information level An inductively coupled plasma spectrometer Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 26 1 47 54 doi 10 1016 0169 7439 94 90018 3 Carvalho M C 2013 Integration of Analytical Instruments with Computer Scripting Journal of Laboratory Automation 18 4 328 33 doi 10 1177 2211068213476288 PMID 23413273 Perkel J M 2017 The Internet of Things comes to the lab Nature 542 7639 125 126 Bibcode 2017Natur 542 125P doi 10 1038 542125a PMID 28150787 Portals History Medicine Museums Physics Astronomy Stars Society Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scientific instrument amp oldid 1114140185, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
