Scholastica
Scholastica (c. 480 – 10 February 543) is a saint of the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion. She was born in Italy. According to a ninth century tradition, she was the twin sister of Benedict of Nursia.[2] Her feast day is 10 February, Saint Scholastica's Day.[3] Scholastica is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Benedictine nuns.
Saint Scholastica | |
|---|---|
Saint Scholastica, Saint Benedict and companions | |
| Virgin | |
| Born | c. 480 Nursia, Umbria (now Italy) |
| Died | 10 February 543 near Monte Cassino (now Italy) |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Anglican Communion |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Feast | 10 February |
| Attributes | nun with crozier and crucifix; nun with dove flying from her mouth[1] |
| Patronage | Patroness of Benedictine women's communities; school; tests; books; reading; convulsive children; nuns; invoked against storms and rain; Le Mans |
Life
According to the Dialogues of Gregory the Great, Scholastica was born c. 480 in Nursia, Umbria, of wealthy parents (Anicius Eupropius and his wife Claudia Abondantia Reguardati). While Gregory states that Scholastica was Benedict's sister, a later tradition says she was his twin (whether this is meant biologically or spiritually, or both is unclear). Gregory also says she was dedicated to God from a young age. She and her brother Benedict were brought up together until the time he left to pursue studies in Rome.[4]
A young Roman woman of Scholastica's class and time would likely have remained in her father's house until marriage (likely arranged) or entry into consecrated life. On occasion several consecrated virgins would live together in a household and form a community.[2]
Benedictine tradition holds that Scholastica established a hermitage about five miles from Monte Cassino and that this was the first convent of Benedictine nuns.[5] However, it is possible that Scholastica lived in a hermitage with one or two other consecrated virgins in a cluster of houses at the base of Mount Cassino where there is an ancient church under her patronage Monastero di Santa Scolastica. Ruth Clifford Engs notes that since Dialogues indicates that Scholastica was dedicated to God at an early age, perhaps she lived in her father's house with other religious women until his death and then moved nearer to Benedict.[2]
Narrative from the Dialogues
The most commonly told story about her is that Scholastica would, once a year, go and visit her brother at a place near his abbey, and they would spend the day worshiping together and discussing sacred texts and issues.[6]
One day they had supper and continued their conversation. When Benedict indicated it was time for him to leave, Scholastica, perhaps sensing that the time of her death was drawing near, asked him to stay with her for the evening so they could continue their discussions. Not wishing to break his own Rule, Benedict refused, insisting that he needed to return to his cell. At that point, Scholastica closed her hands in prayer, and after a moment, a wild storm started outside of the guest house in which they were staying. Benedict asked, "What have you done?", to which she replied, "I asked you and you would not listen; so I asked my God and he did listen. So now go off, if you can; leave me and return to your monastery." Benedict was unable to return to his monastery, and they spent the night in discussion.[6]
Three days later, from his cell, he saw his sister's soul leaving the earth and ascending to heaven in the form of a shining white dove.[7] Benedict had her body brought to his monastery, where he had it laid in the tomb which he had prepared for himself.[6]
The Anglo-Saxon bishop and scholar Aldhelm recounts the story in both the De Laude Virginitatis, written for the nuns at Barking, and in the shorter Carmen de virginitate.
Studies
What is known of Scholastica derives from the Dialogues of Gregory the Great. Early calendars and place names in the area around Monte Cassino support the historical accuracy of St. Gregory the Great's account of her life.[8] Gregory names as his sources four of Benedict's contemporaries. A contemporary, Caesarius of Arles, wrote the Regula virginum (Rule for Virgins), a rule drawn up for virgins living in community, for a community which was headed by his sister, Caesaria.[9]
Veneration
Scholastica is the patron saint of Benedictine nuns, education, and convulsive children, and is invoked against storms and rain. Her feast is celebrated on February 10.[3] Saint Scholastica's Day bears special importance in the Benedictine monastic calendar.[10]
In iconography, Scholastica is represented in a Benedictine habit, often as an abbess, and holding the Rule of Saint Benedict, with a crucifix or an ascending dove.[11]
Scholastica was selected as the main motif for a high value commemorative coin: the Austria €50 'The Christian Religious Orders', issued 13 March 2002. On the obverse (heads) side of the coin Scholastica is depicted alongside Benedict.
Scholastica is honored on the calendars of the Church of England[12] and the Episcopal Church[13] on 10 February.
See also
References
- ^ . Saints.sqpn.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "St. Scholastica - Traditional twin of St. Benedict". www.indiana.edu. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ a b Mazar, Peter (2000). School Year, Church Year. LiturgyTrainingPublications. ISBN 978-1-56854-240-9.
- ^ Mary Richard Boo OSB and Joan M. Braun OSB, Emerging from the Shadows: St. Scholastica, in Medieval Women Monastics, (Miriam Schmitt OSB and Linda Kulzer OSB, eds) The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, 1996 ISBN 9780814622926
- ^ "Saint Scholastica, Virgin and Religious Founder. OSB". www.osb.org. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ a b c "Saint Scholastica, Virgin and Religious Founder. OSB". www.osb.org. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ "Saint Scholastica, Virgin and Religious Founder. OSB". www.osb.org. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
- ^ Beau, A., Le Culte et les reliques de Saint Benoît et de Sainte Scholastique, Abadia de Montserrat/University of Virginia, (1979) ISBN 9788472023666
- ^ Shahan, Thomas. "St. Caesarius of Arles." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 10 February 2018
- ^ Webber, Donald (2008). Silence and Peace. Lulu. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-615-20507-6.
- ^ Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, (Kirschbaum and Bandmann, eds.),8.315-16
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ "Scholastica of Nursia, Monastic, 543". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
External links
- Whatley, E. Gordon, Thompson, Anne B., and Upchurch, Robert K. "The Life of St. Scholastica:Introduction", Saints Lives in Middle English Collections, Medieval Institute Publications, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 2004
- Adrienne von Speyr, ″Book of All Saints: Scholastica″, pp. 347–349. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2008.
- Butler, Alban. "St. Scholastica", The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol.I, D. & J. Sadlier, & Company, 1864
- Foley O.F.M., Leonard, "Saint Scholastica", Saint of the Day, Franciscan Media