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Rodulf (archbishop of Bourges)

April 15, 2024

Rodulf (French: Saint Raoul;[a] died 21 June 866) was the archbishop of Bourges from 840 until his death. He is remembered as a skillful diplomat and a proponent of ecclesiastical reform. As a saint, his feast has been celebrated on 21 June.

The monastery of Solignac, where Rodulf began his ecclesiastical career.

Aquitainian nobleman and monk edit

Rodulf's family was prominent in the region of Angoumois[1] and he himself possessed lands in the Limousin.[2] He was named after his father, the count of Turenne (died 844), and he had four brothers and two sisters as well as an unnamed sibling.[3] He entered the monastery of Solignac as a novice in 823.[4]

During the conflict between King Pippin II of Aquitaine and King Charles of West Francia over the inheritance of the Aquitanian kingdom, Rodulf maintained good relations with both claimants,[5] although it is probable that his father fought in the war and is possible that Rodulf himself did as well.[6] Contemporary documents describe him as a "faithful follower" (fidelis) of King Pippin.[2] In late 840 Rodulf was elected as archbishop of Bourges,[5] Since Pippin led an expedition north against Charles' forces in Poitou in September, it generally thought that he was the driving force behind the election of Rodulf and that he successfully extended his authority into the Berri (the region around Bourges), which was as far north as it would ever go.[7][b] One of Pippin's two surviving royal charters is a confirmation to the new archbishop.[2] Yet if the appointment of Rodulf was political on the one hand, the capitulation (capitula) which he signed upon his election "shows that [he] was in the vanguard of the Carolingian reform movement."[8] Shortly after becoming archbishop, Rodulf bought a large piece of land from a certain Boso for 1,500 solidi.[9]

West Frankish diplomat edit

By early May 844, Rodulf had recognised Charles as king in Aquitaine. In that month he visited Charles while the latter was besieging Toulouse and received a charter from him at Charles's headquarters in the monastery of Saint-Sernin.[10] Rodulf attended the council of Ver in December that year.[11] According to the Translatio sancti Germani, Rodulf and Bishop Ebroin of Poitiers played the leading rôles in the negotiations to reconcile Charles and Pippin in the winter of 844–45.[11] Rodulf hosted a conference at the monastery of Fleury in June 845, where Pippin swore fealty to Charles and Charles gave Pippin lordship over most of Aquitaine (the regions of Poitou, Saintonge and Aunis excepted).[11] Later that same month, Rodulf attended the great synod at Meaux with archbishops Wenilo of Sens and Hincmar of Reims.[12] As a reward for his work, Charles granted Rodulf control over Fleury's resources in October 846.[11][5]

In August or September 849, after Pippin had rebelled against Charles, Rodulf, "with the greatest enthusiasm",[c] hosted a royal assembly before the king moved south to besiege Toulouse a second time.[13] According to the Annales Fontanellenses, Charles then spent Christmas in Bourges and stayed into January 850.[13] Rodulf may have served as guardian (bajulus) to Charles's son, Charles the Child, when the latter was made king of Aquitaine in 855.[14] Late in 860, Hincmar of Reims wrote a letter to Rodulf and Archbishop Frothar of Bordeaux—who may have been a kinsman of Rodulf's[15]—outlining the difficulties of Count Stephen, son of Count Hugh of Tours, who was trying to repudiate his wife, the daughter of Count Raymond I of Toulouse.[16] Rodulf and Frothar were successful in negotiating a settlement.[16] The scale of the disorders may be gauged by two charters of Rodulf's from 859 and 860, in which he laments "the presence of evil men" (infestorum malorum hominum) in his diocese, an indication of violence and civil strife.[17] In 860 Rodulf drew up a will and had it confirmed by Raymond of Toulouse.[18]

Church reformer edit

With Bishop Stodilo of Limoges, Rodulf helped found the monastery of Beaulieu.[19] His family provided the land for the foundation, and he himself consecrated the new community under the Benedictine rule in 860.[8] He granted the monks the right of free election of their abbot, and pronounced excommunication on any governing authority who molested them in the future.[8] He even procured royal protection (mundeburdium) for them.[8] Rodulf's brother Gottfried, the count of Turenne, along with Raymond of Toulouse and Aldo, abbot of Saint Martial's, were witnesses to this act of consecration.[8] In 859, Stodilo granted a church to Rodulf and Abbot Garnulf of Beaulieu as a precarium in return for an annual rent of seven solidi.[20] Rodulf also helped found the convent at Cahors where his sister Immena was installed as the first abbess.[21]

The earliest reference to the archbishop of Bourges as primate of Aquitaine dates from the episcopate of Rodulf.[22][d] In 864, when Archbishop Sigebod of Narbonne complained to Pope Nicholas I that Rodulf had called some clergy of Narbonne before him "as if by patriarchal right" (quasi jure patriarchatus), the pope confirmed the right of clergy to appeal to Bourges if all avenues in Narbonne had been exhausted and of the suffragans of Narbonne to appeal to Bourges "as if to their patriarch" (quasi ad patriarchum suum).[23][e] In his acts Rodulf sometimes titled himself "primate" (primas) and "bishop of the primatial see" (primae sedis episcopus).[22]

Rofuld died at Bourges on 21 June 866 and was buried in the basilica of Saint Ursinus.[24] He was succeeded by a cleric from the royal palace of Charles the Bald named Wulfad.[25] Into the twelfth century, the community of Beaulieu commemorated Rodulf as "our master of holy memory".[24] A rather standard hagiography of Rodulf, the Vita sancti Rodulfi, survives.[8]

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ His name is also rendered Ralph, Radulph, Radulf or Rudolf.
  2. ^ Charles was personally in control of Bourges in July 840 and January 841, so Pippin's success, if it took place, was short-lived.[5]
  3. ^ The phrase is from a charter Charles issued on the occasion.
  4. ^ The poet Theodulf of Orléans uses similar terminology in praising Rodulf's predecessor, Aiulf.
  5. ^ This papal letter was cited by Ivo of Chartres two centuries later against the primatial claims of the archdiocese of Lyon. Its authenticity has been questioned by Georges Pariset, Émile Lesne and Augustin Fliche, but defended by Beitscher, Lacger and by Christian Pfister.
Citations
  1. ^ Nelson 1992, p. 57 n. 34.
  2. ^ a b c Nelson 1992, p. 103.
  3. ^ Beitscher & Hunt 1976, p. 62.
  4. ^ Beitscher & Hunt 1976, p. 60.
  5. ^ a b c d Coupland 1989, pp. 200–01.
  6. ^ Beitscher & Hunt 1976, p. 61.
  7. ^ Nelson 1992, p. 111.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Beitscher 1974, pp. 200–01.
  9. ^ Lewis 1965, pp. 157–58.
  10. ^ Nelson 1992, p. 140.
  11. ^ a b c d Nelson 1992, p. 143.
  12. ^ Nelson 1992, pp. 146–47.
  13. ^ a b Nelson 1992, p. 156.
  14. ^ Nelson 1992, p. 174.
  15. ^ Nelson 1992, p. 193 n. 25.
  16. ^ a b Nelson 1992, pp. 196–97.
  17. ^ Lewis 1965, p. 127.
  18. ^ Lewis 1965, p. 108 n. 82.
  19. ^ Lewis 1965, p. 151.
  20. ^ Lewis 1965, p. 167.
  21. ^ Lewis 1965, p. 152.
  22. ^ a b Lacger 1937, p. 31.
  23. ^ Lacger 1937, p. 32.
  24. ^ a b Beitscher 1968, p. 6.
  25. ^ Nelson 1992, p. 212.
Sources
  • Beitscher, Jane Katherine (1968). Church and Society at Beaulieu, 860–1200. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Beitscher, Jane Katherine (1974). "Monastic Reform at Beaulieu, 1031–1095". Viator. 5: 199–210. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301622.
  • Beitscher, Jane Katherine; Hunt, E. K. (1976). "Insights into the Dissolution of the Feudal Mode of Production: A Case Study of the Limousin". Science & Society. 40 (1): 57–71.
  • Coupland, Simon (1989). "The Coinages of Pippin I and II of Aquitaine". Revue numismatique. 6e série. 6 (31): 194–222. doi:10.3406/numi.1989.1945.
  • Guérin, Paul, ed. (1878). "Saint Raoul, Archevêque de Bourges (866)". Les petits bollandistes: vies des saints. Vol. 7. Paris: Bould et Barral. pp. 205–06.
  • Lacger, Louis de (1937). "La primatie d'Aquitaine du VIIIe au XIVe siècle". Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France. 23 (98): 29–50. doi:10.3406/rhef.1937.2791. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  • Lewis, A. R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Nelson, J. L. (1992). Charles the Bald. London: Longman.

Further reading edit

  • Boussard, Jacques (1966). "Les origines de la vicomté de Turenne". Mélanges offerts à René Crozet. Vol. I. Poitiers. pp. 101–09.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Devailly, Guy (1973). Le Berry du X siècle au milieu du XIIIe: Étude politique religieuse sociale et économique. Paris: Mouton.
  • Gandilhon, Alfred (1927). Catalogue des actes des archevêques de Bourges antérieurs à l'an 1200. Paris: Champion.
  • Martindale, Jean (1990). "The Nun Immena and the Foundation of the abbey of Beaulieu: A Woman's Prospects in the Carolingian Church". Studies in Church History. 27: 27–42. doi:10.1017/S0424208400011992.
Preceded by
Agilulf
 Archbishop of Bourges
840–866 		Succeeded by

April 15, 2024
rodulf, archbishop, bourges, rodulf, french, saint, raoul, died, june, archbishop, bourges, from, until, death, remembered, skillful, diplomat, proponent, ecclesiastical, reform, saint, feast, been, celebrated, june, monastery, solignac, where, rodulf, began, . Rodulf French Saint Raoul a died 21 June 866 was the archbishop of Bourges from 840 until his death He is remembered as a skillful diplomat and a proponent of ecclesiastical reform As a saint his feast has been celebrated on 21 June The monastery of Solignac where Rodulf began his ecclesiastical career Contents 1 Aquitainian nobleman and monk 2 West Frankish diplomat 3 Church reformer 4 References 5 Further readingAquitainian nobleman and monk editRodulf s family was prominent in the region of Angoumois 1 and he himself possessed lands in the Limousin 2 He was named after his father the count of Turenne died 844 and he had four brothers and two sisters as well as an unnamed sibling 3 He entered the monastery of Solignac as a novice in 823 4 During the conflict between King Pippin II of Aquitaine and King Charles of West Francia over the inheritance of the Aquitanian kingdom Rodulf maintained good relations with both claimants 5 although it is probable that his father fought in the war and is possible that Rodulf himself did as well 6 Contemporary documents describe him as a faithful follower fidelis of King Pippin 2 In late 840 Rodulf was elected as archbishop of Bourges 5 Since Pippin led an expedition north against Charles forces in Poitou in September it generally thought that he was the driving force behind the election of Rodulf and that he successfully extended his authority into the Berri the region around Bourges which was as far north as it would ever go 7 b One of Pippin s two surviving royal charters is a confirmation to the new archbishop 2 Yet if the appointment of Rodulf was political on the one hand the capitulation capitula which he signed upon his election shows that he was in the vanguard of the Carolingian reform movement 8 Shortly after becoming archbishop Rodulf bought a large piece of land from a certain Boso for 1 500 solidi 9 West Frankish diplomat editBy early May 844 Rodulf had recognised Charles as king in Aquitaine In that month he visited Charles while the latter was besieging Toulouse and received a charter from him at Charles s headquarters in the monastery of Saint Sernin 10 Rodulf attended the council of Ver in December that year 11 According to the Translatio sancti Germani Rodulf and Bishop Ebroin of Poitiers played the leading roles in the negotiations to reconcile Charles and Pippin in the winter of 844 45 11 Rodulf hosted a conference at the monastery of Fleury in June 845 where Pippin swore fealty to Charles and Charles gave Pippin lordship over most of Aquitaine the regions of Poitou Saintonge and Aunis excepted 11 Later that same month Rodulf attended the great synod at Meaux with archbishops Wenilo of Sens and Hincmar of Reims 12 As a reward for his work Charles granted Rodulf control over Fleury s resources in October 846 11 5 In August or September 849 after Pippin had rebelled against Charles Rodulf with the greatest enthusiasm c hosted a royal assembly before the king moved south to besiege Toulouse a second time 13 According to the Annales Fontanellenses Charles then spent Christmas in Bourges and stayed into January 850 13 Rodulf may have served as guardian bajulus to Charles s son Charles the Child when the latter was made king of Aquitaine in 855 14 Late in 860 Hincmar of Reims wrote a letter to Rodulf and Archbishop Frothar of Bordeaux who may have been a kinsman of Rodulf s 15 outlining the difficulties of Count Stephen son of Count Hugh of Tours who was trying to repudiate his wife the daughter of Count Raymond I of Toulouse 16 Rodulf and Frothar were successful in negotiating a settlement 16 The scale of the disorders may be gauged by two charters of Rodulf s from 859 and 860 in which he laments the presence of evil men infestorum malorum hominum in his diocese an indication of violence and civil strife 17 In 860 Rodulf drew up a will and had it confirmed by Raymond of Toulouse 18 Church reformer editWith Bishop Stodilo of Limoges Rodulf helped found the monastery of Beaulieu 19 His family provided the land for the foundation and he himself consecrated the new community under the Benedictine rule in 860 8 He granted the monks the right of free election of their abbot and pronounced excommunication on any governing authority who molested them in the future 8 He even procured royal protection mundeburdium for them 8 Rodulf s brother Gottfried the count of Turenne along with Raymond of Toulouse and Aldo abbot of Saint Martial s were witnesses to this act of consecration 8 In 859 Stodilo granted a church to Rodulf and Abbot Garnulf of Beaulieu as a precarium in return for an annual rent of seven solidi 20 Rodulf also helped found the convent at Cahors where his sister Immena was installed as the first abbess 21 The earliest reference to the archbishop of Bourges as primate of Aquitaine dates from the episcopate of Rodulf 22 d In 864 when Archbishop Sigebod of Narbonne complained to Pope Nicholas I that Rodulf had called some clergy of Narbonne before him as if by patriarchal right quasi jure patriarchatus the pope confirmed the right of clergy to appeal to Bourges if all avenues in Narbonne had been exhausted and of the suffragans of Narbonne to appeal to Bourges as if to their patriarch quasi ad patriarchum suum 23 e In his acts Rodulf sometimes titled himself primate primas and bishop of the primatial see primae sedis episcopus 22 Rofuld died at Bourges on 21 June 866 and was buried in the basilica of Saint Ursinus 24 He was succeeded by a cleric from the royal palace of Charles the Bald named Wulfad 25 Into the twelfth century the community of Beaulieu commemorated Rodulf as our master of holy memory 24 A rather standard hagiography of Rodulf the Vita sancti Rodulfi survives 8 References editNotes His name is also rendered Ralph Radulph Radulf or Rudolf Charles was personally in control of Bourges in July 840 and January 841 so Pippin s success if it took place was short lived 5 The phrase is from a charter Charles issued on the occasion The poet Theodulf of Orleans uses similar terminology in praising Rodulf s predecessor Aiulf This papal letter was cited by Ivo of Chartres two centuries later against the primatial claims of the archdiocese of Lyon Its authenticity has been questioned by Georges Pariset Emile Lesne and Augustin Fliche but defended by Beitscher Lacger and by Christian Pfister Citations Nelson 1992 p 57 n 34 a b c Nelson 1992 p 103 Beitscher amp Hunt 1976 p 62 Beitscher amp Hunt 1976 p 60 a b c d Coupland 1989 pp 200 01 Beitscher amp Hunt 1976 p 61 Nelson 1992 p 111 a b c d e f Beitscher 1974 pp 200 01 Lewis 1965 pp 157 58 Nelson 1992 p 140 a b c d Nelson 1992 p 143 Nelson 1992 pp 146 47 a b Nelson 1992 p 156 Nelson 1992 p 174 Nelson 1992 p 193 n 25 a b Nelson 1992 pp 196 97 Lewis 1965 p 127 Lewis 1965 p 108 n 82 Lewis 1965 p 151 Lewis 1965 p 167 Lewis 1965 p 152 a b Lacger 1937 p 31 Lacger 1937 p 32 a b Beitscher 1968 p 6 Nelson 1992 p 212 SourcesBeitscher Jane Katherine 1968 Church and Society at Beaulieu 860 1200 Madison University of Wisconsin Press Beitscher Jane Katherine 1974 Monastic Reform at Beaulieu 1031 1095 Viator 5 199 210 doi 10 1484 J VIATOR 2 301622 Beitscher Jane Katherine Hunt E K 1976 Insights into the Dissolution of the Feudal Mode of Production A Case Study of the Limousin Science amp Society 40 1 57 71 Coupland Simon 1989 The Coinages of Pippin I and II of Aquitaine Revue numismatique 6e serie 6 31 194 222 doi 10 3406 numi 1989 1945 Guerin Paul ed 1878 Saint Raoul Archeveque de Bourges 866 Les petits bollandistes vies des saints Vol 7 Paris Bould et Barral pp 205 06 Lacger Louis de 1937 La primatie d Aquitaine du VIIIe au XIVe siecle Revue d histoire de l Eglise de France 23 98 29 50 doi 10 3406 rhef 1937 2791 Retrieved 18 December 2013 Lewis A R 1965 The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718 1050 Austin University of Texas Press Nelson J L 1992 Charles the Bald London Longman Further reading editBoussard Jacques 1966 Les origines de la vicomte de Turenne Melanges offerts a Rene Crozet Vol I Poitiers pp 101 09 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Devailly Guy 1973 Le Berry du X siecle au milieu du XIIIe Etude politique religieuse sociale et economique Paris Mouton Gandilhon Alfred 1927 Catalogue des actes des archeveques de Bourges anterieurs a l an 1200 Paris Champion Martindale Jean 1990 The Nun Immena and the Foundation of the abbey of Beaulieu A Woman s Prospects in the Carolingian Church Studies in Church History 27 27 42 doi 10 1017 S0424208400011992 Preceded byAgilulf Archbishop of Bourges840 866 Succeeded byWulfad Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rodulf archbishop of Bourges amp oldid 1094337602, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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