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Sacculina

January 01, 1970

Sacculina is a genus of barnacles that is a parasitic castrator of crabs. They belong to a group called Rhizocephala. The adults bear no resemblance to the barnacles that cover ships and piers; they are recognised as barnacles because their larval forms are like other members of the barnacle class Cirripedia. The prevalence of this crustacean parasite in its crab host can be as high as 50%.[2][3]

Sacculina
Sacculina carcini, Belgium
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Thecostraca
Subclass: Cirripedia
Infraclass: Rhizocephala
Family: Sacculinidae
Genus: Sacculina
Thompson, 1836
Type species
Sacculina carcini
Thompson, 1836 [1]
Sacculina

Habitat edit

Sacculina live in a marine environment. During their larval stage they are pelagic, but as they form into adults they live as ectoparasites on crabs. Their primary host is the green crab, which is native to the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Though these crabs have spread to other bodies of waters, it is not believed that Sacculina barnacles have traveled with them to these new localities.[4]

Anatomy edit

The body of the adult parasite can be divided into two parts: one part is called the "externa" where the bulbous reproductive organ of the parasite sticks out of the abdomen of the host. The other part is called the "interna" which is inside the host's body. This part is composed of root-like tendrils that wrap themselves around the host's organs, which gives its group name of Rhizocephala, meaning "root-head". Through microCT scans, these roots have been discovered to wrap around certain organs of the body, with most around the hepatopancreas of crustaceans. This area is primarily for absorbing nutrients, which would explain why most concentrate in that region. In a similar species called Briarosaccus roots were seen extending to the brain and central nervous system, which is a hypothesis to help explain how parasites like these can manipulate their hosts' behavior.

Life cycle edit

The female Sacculina larva finds a crab and walks on it until she finds a joint. She then molts into a form called a kentrogon, which then injects her soft body into the crab while her shell falls off. The Sacculina grows in the crab, emerging as a sac, known as an externa, on the underside of the crab's rear thorax, where the crab's eggs would be incubated. Parasitic Sacculina destroy a crab's genitalia, rendering the crab permanently infertile.

After this invasion of the Sacculina, the crab is unable to perform the normal function of molting. This results in a loss of nutrition for the crab, and impairs its overall growth. The natural ability of regrowing a severed claw that is commonly used for defense purposes is therefore lost after the infestation of Sacculina.

The male Sacculina 'larva' looks for a female Sacculina on the underside of a crab. He then implants his cells into a pocket in the female's body called the "testis", where the male cells then produce spermatozoa to fertilize eggs.

When a female Sacculina is implanted in a male crab, it interferes with the crab's hormonal balance. This sterilizes it and changes the bodily layout of the crab to resemble that of a female crab by widening and flattening its abdomen, among other things. The female Sacculina then forces the crab's body to release hormones, causing it to act like a female crab, even to the point of performing female mating dances. If the parasite is removed from the host, female crabs will normally regenerate new ovarian tissue, while males usually develop complete or partial ovaries instead of testes.[5]

Although all energy otherwise expended on reproduction is directed to the Sacculina, the crab develops a nurturing behavior typical of a normal female crab. The natural hatching process of a crab consists of the female finding a high rock and grooming its brood pouch on its abdomen and releasing the fertilized eggs in the water through a bobbing motion. The female crab stirs the water with her claw to aid the flow of the water. When the hatching larvae of Sacculina are ready to emerge from the brood pouch of female Sacculina, the crab performs a similar process. The crab shoots them out in pulses, creating a large cloud of Sacculina larvae. The crab uses the familiar technique of stirring the water to aid in flow.[6]

Life span edit

Sacculina are primarily host dependent so their life span matches that of their hosts. Crabs usually have a life span anywhere from 1 to 2 years.[7]

Biological control agents edit

Sacculina has been suggested to be used as a type of biological control agent to help reduce the populations of the invasive green crab. This is controversial because Sacculina can also use native crab species as their host and there would be no way to control or stop them from attacking native species.[4]

Species edit

More than 100 species of Sacculina are currently recognised:[8]

  • Sacculina abyssicola Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina actaeae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina aculeata Boschma, 1928
  • Sacculina ales Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina americana Reinhard, 1955
  • Sacculina amplituba Phillips, 1978
  • Sacculina anceps Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina angulata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina anomala Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina atlantica Boschma, 1927
  • Sacculina beauforti Boschma, 1949
  • Sacculina bicuspidata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina bipunctata Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina boschmai Reinhard, 1955
  • Sacculina bourdoni Boschma, 1960
  • Sacculina brevispina van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina bucculenta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina bursapastoris Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina caelata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina calappae van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina calva Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina captiva Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina carcini Thompson, 1836
  • Sacculina carpiliae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina cartieri Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina cavolinii Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina comosa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina compressa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina confragosa Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina cordata Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina crucifera Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina curvata Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina cuspidata Boschma, 1949
  • Sacculina dayi Boschma, 1958
  • Sacculina dentata Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina docleae Huang & Lützen, 1998
  • Sacculina duracina Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina echinulata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina elongata Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina eriphiae Smith, 1906
  • Sacculina exarcuata Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina fabacea Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina flacca Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina flexuosa Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina gerbei Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina ghanensis Boschma, 1971
  • Sacculina gibba Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina glabra van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina globularis Boschma, 1970
  • Sacculina gonoplaxae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina gordonae Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina gracilis Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina granifera Boschma, 1973
  • Sacculina granulosa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina guineensis Boschma, 1971
  • Sacculina hartnolli Boschma, 1965
  • Sacculina herbstianodosa (Hesse, 1867)
  • Sacculina hirsuta Boschma, 1925
  • Sacculina hirta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina hispida Boschma, 1928
  • Sacculina holthuisi Boschma, 1956
  • Sacculina hystrix van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina ignorata Boschma, 1947
  • Sacculina imberbis Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina inconstans Boschma, 1952
  • Sacculina infirma Boschma, 1953
  • Sacculina inflata Leuckart, 1859
  • Sacculina insueta Boschma, 1966
  • Sacculina irrorata Boschma, 1934
  • Sacculina jamaicensis Boschma, 1966
  • Sacculina lata Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina leopoldi Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina leptothrix Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina lobata Boschma, 1965
  • Sacculina loricata Boschma 1955
  • Sacculina margaritifera Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina micracantha Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina microthrix Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina muricata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina nectocarcini Gurney et al. 2006
  • Sacculina nigra Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina nodosa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina ornatula Boschma, 1951
  • Sacculina ostracotheris Boschma, 1967
  • Sacculina papposa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina pertenuis Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina phacelothrix Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina pilosa Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina pilosella van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina pinnotherae Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina pisiformis Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina pistillata Boschma, 1952
  • Sacculina pomum Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina pugettiae Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina pulchella Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina punctata Boschma, 1934
  • Sacculina pustulata Boschma, 1925
  • Sacculina quadrialata Boyko & van der Meij, 2018
  • Sacculina rathbunae Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina reinhardi Boschma 1955
  • Sacculina reniformis Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina robusta Boschma, 1948
  • Sacculina rotundata Miers, 1880
  • Sacculina rugosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina scabra Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina schmitti Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina scutigera Huang & Lützen, 1998
  • Sacculina semistriata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina senta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina serenei Boschma, 1954
  • Sacculina setosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina spectabilis Boschma, 1948
  • Sacculina spinosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina striata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina sulcata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina surinamensis Boschma, 1966
  • Sacculina teres Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina teretiuscula Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina ternatensis Boschma, 1950
  • Sacculina upogebiae Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina vankampeni Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina verrucosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina vieta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina weberi Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina zariquieyi Boschma, 1947

References edit

  1. ^ Thompson, J. V. (1836). "Natural history and metamorphosis of an anomalous crustaceous parasite of Carcinus maenas, the Sacculina carcini". The Entomological Magazine. 3: 452–456.
  2. ^ Ross, Piper (2007). Extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313339226. OCLC 191846476.
  3. ^ Leung, Tommy (2016-10-06). "Peltogaster sp". Parasite of the Day. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  4. ^ a b "The Parasitic Sacculina That Bends Its Host to Its Own Will". Today I Found Out. 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  5. ^ General Parasitology
  6. ^ Zimmer, Carl (2001). Parasite rex : inside the bizarre world of nature's most dangerous creatures (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 074320011X. OCLC 47903774.
  7. ^ "Sacculina carcini". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  8. ^ "World Register of Marine Species, genus Sacculina". Retrieved 2021-09-01.

Sources edit

  • Boschma, H. (1955). "The described species of the family Sacculinidae". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 27 (1): 1–76.
    (cites many earlier papers by Boschma and others including other sources for the above list)
  • Guérin-Ganivet, J. (1911). "Contribution a l'étude systématique et biologique des Rhizocéphales". Travaux scientifiques du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de Physiologie Maritimes de Concarneau. 3 (7): 1–97.
  • Gurney, R. H.; Rybakov, A. V.; Høeg, J. T.; Kuris, A. M. (2006). "Sacculina nectocarcini, a new species of rhizocephalan, a new species of rhizocephalan(Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) parasitising the red rock crab Nectocarcinus integrifrons (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)(Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)". Zootaxa. 1332: 37–50. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1332.1.2.
  • van Kampen, Pieter Nicolaas; Boschma, Hilbrandt (1925). Die rhizocephalen der Siboga-expedition (in German). Leiden: Brill. OCLC 6845128.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Sacculina.
  • Zimmer, Carl (August 2000). "Do Parasites Rule the World?". Discover.

January 01, 1970
sacculina, genus, barnacles, that, parasitic, castrator, crabs, they, belong, group, called, rhizocephala, adults, bear, resemblance, barnacles, that, cover, ships, piers, they, recognised, barnacles, because, their, larval, forms, like, other, members, barnac. Sacculina is a genus of barnacles that is a parasitic castrator of crabs They belong to a group called Rhizocephala The adults bear no resemblance to the barnacles that cover ships and piers they are recognised as barnacles because their larval forms are like other members of the barnacle class Cirripedia The prevalence of this crustacean parasite in its crab host can be as high as 50 2 3 Sacculina Sacculina carcini Belgium Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Thecostraca Subclass Cirripedia Infraclass Rhizocephala Family Sacculinidae Genus SacculinaThompson 1836 Type species Sacculina carciniThompson 1836 1 Sacculina Contents 1 Habitat 2 Anatomy 3 Life cycle 4 Life span 5 Biological control agents 6 Species 7 References 7 1 Sources 8 External linksHabitat editSacculina live in a marine environment During their larval stage they are pelagic but as they form into adults they live as ectoparasites on crabs Their primary host is the green crab which is native to the Eastern Atlantic Ocean Though these crabs have spread to other bodies of waters it is not believed that Sacculina barnacles have traveled with them to these new localities 4 Anatomy editThe body of the adult parasite can be divided into two parts one part is called the externa where the bulbous reproductive organ of the parasite sticks out of the abdomen of the host The other part is called the interna which is inside the host s body This part is composed of root like tendrils that wrap themselves around the host s organs which gives its group name of Rhizocephala meaning root head Through microCT scans these roots have been discovered to wrap around certain organs of the body with most around the hepatopancreas of crustaceans This area is primarily for absorbing nutrients which would explain why most concentrate in that region In a similar species called Briarosaccus roots were seen extending to the brain and central nervous system which is a hypothesis to help explain how parasites like these can manipulate their hosts behavior Life cycle editThis section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions September 2019 The female Sacculina larva finds a crab and walks on it until she finds a joint She then molts into a form called a kentrogon which then injects her soft body into the crab while her shell falls off The Sacculina grows in the crab emerging as a sac known as an externa on the underside of the crab s rear thorax where the crab s eggs would be incubated Parasitic Sacculina destroy a crab s genitalia rendering the crab permanently infertile After this invasion of the Sacculina the crab is unable to perform the normal function of molting This results in a loss of nutrition for the crab and impairs its overall growth The natural ability of regrowing a severed claw that is commonly used for defense purposes is therefore lost after the infestation of Sacculina The male Sacculina larva looks for a female Sacculina on the underside of a crab He then implants his cells into a pocket in the female s body called the testis where the male cells then produce spermatozoa to fertilize eggs When a female Sacculina is implanted in a male crab it interferes with the crab s hormonal balance This sterilizes it and changes the bodily layout of the crab to resemble that of a female crab by widening and flattening its abdomen among other things The female Sacculina then forces the crab s body to release hormones causing it to act like a female crab even to the point of performing female mating dances If the parasite is removed from the host female crabs will normally regenerate new ovarian tissue while males usually develop complete or partial ovaries instead of testes 5 Although all energy otherwise expended on reproduction is directed to the Sacculina the crab develops a nurturing behavior typical of a normal female crab The natural hatching process of a crab consists of the female finding a high rock and grooming its brood pouch on its abdomen and releasing the fertilized eggs in the water through a bobbing motion The female crab stirs the water with her claw to aid the flow of the water When the hatching larvae of Sacculina are ready to emerge from the brood pouch of female Sacculina the crab performs a similar process The crab shoots them out in pulses creating a large cloud of Sacculina larvae The crab uses the familiar technique of stirring the water to aid in flow 6 Life span editSacculina are primarily host dependent so their life span matches that of their hosts Crabs usually have a life span anywhere from 1 to 2 years 7 Biological control agents editSacculina has been suggested to be used as a type of biological control agent to help reduce the populations of the invasive green crab This is controversial because Sacculina can also use native crab species as their host and there would be no way to control or stop them from attacking native species 4 Species editMore than 100 species of Sacculina are currently recognised 8 Sacculina abyssicola Guerin Ganivet 1911 Sacculina actaeae Guerin Ganivet 1911 Sacculina aculeata Boschma 1928 Sacculina ales Kossmann 1872 Sacculina americana Reinhard 1955 Sacculina amplituba Phillips 1978 Sacculina anceps Boschma 1931 Sacculina angulata van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina anomala Boschma 1933 Sacculina atlantica Boschma 1927 Sacculina beauforti Boschma 1949 Sacculina bicuspidata Boschma 1931 Sacculina bipunctata Kossmann 1872 Sacculina boschmai Reinhard 1955 Sacculina bourdoni Boschma 1960 Sacculina brevispina van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina bucculenta Boschma 1933 Sacculina bursapastoris Kossmann 1872 Sacculina caelata Boschma 1931 Sacculina calappae van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina calva Boschma 1933 Sacculina captiva Kossmann 1872 Sacculina carcini Thompson 1836 Sacculina carpiliae Guerin Ganivet 1911 Sacculina cartieri Kossmann 1872 Sacculina cavolinii Kossmann 1872 Sacculina comosa Boschma 1931 Sacculina compressa Boschma 1931 Sacculina confragosa Boschma 1933 Sacculina cordata Shiino 1943 Sacculina crucifera Kossmann 1872 Sacculina curvata Boschma 1933 Sacculina cuspidata Boschma 1949 Sacculina dayi Boschma 1958 Sacculina dentata Kossmann 1872 Sacculina docleae Huang amp Lutzen 1998 Sacculina duracina Boschma 1933 Sacculina echinulata van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina elongata Boschma 1933 Sacculina eriphiae Smith 1906 Sacculina exarcuata Kossmann 1872 Sacculina fabacea Shiino 1943 Sacculina flacca Boschma 1931 Sacculina flexuosa Kossmann 1872 Sacculina gerbei Guerin Ganivet 1911 Sacculina ghanensis Boschma 1971 Sacculina gibba Boschma 1933 Sacculina glabra van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina globularis Boschma 1970 Sacculina gonoplaxae Guerin Ganivet 1911 Sacculina gordonae Boschma 1933 Sacculina gracilis Boschma 1931 Sacculina granifera Boschma 1973 Sacculina granulosa Boschma 1931 Sacculina guineensis Boschma 1971 Sacculina hartnolli Boschma 1965 Sacculina herbstianodosa Hesse 1867 Sacculina hirsuta Boschma 1925 Sacculina hirta Boschma 1933 Sacculina hispida Boschma 1928 Sacculina holthuisi Boschma 1956 Sacculina hystrix van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina ignorata Boschma 1947 Sacculina imberbis Shiino 1943 Sacculina inconstans Boschma 1952 Sacculina infirma Boschma 1953 Sacculina inflata Leuckart 1859 Sacculina insueta Boschma 1966 Sacculina irrorata Boschma 1934 Sacculina jamaicensis Boschma 1966 Sacculina lata Boschma 1933 Sacculina leopoldi Boschma 1931 Sacculina leptothrix Boschma 1933 Sacculina lobata Boschma 1965 Sacculina loricata Boschma 1955 Sacculina margaritifera Kossmann 1872 Sacculina micracantha Boschma 1931 Sacculina microthrix Boschma 1931 Sacculina muricata Boschma 1931 Sacculina nectocarcini Gurney et al 2006 Sacculina nigra Shiino 1943 Sacculina nodosa Boschma 1931 Sacculina ornatula Boschma 1951 Sacculina ostracotheris Boschma 1967 Sacculina papposa van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina pertenuis Boschma 1933 Sacculina phacelothrix Boschma 1931 Sacculina pilosa Kossmann 1872 Sacculina pilosella van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina pinnotherae Shiino 1943 Sacculina pisiformis Kossmann 1872 Sacculina pistillata Boschma 1952 Sacculina pomum Kossmann 1872 Sacculina pugettiae Shiino 1943 Sacculina pulchella Boschma 1933 Sacculina punctata Boschma 1934 Sacculina pustulata Boschma 1925 Sacculina quadrialata Boyko amp van der Meij 2018 Sacculina rathbunae Boschma 1933 Sacculina reinhardi Boschma 1955 Sacculina reniformis Boschma 1933 Sacculina robusta Boschma 1948 Sacculina rotundata Miers 1880 Sacculina rugosa van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina scabra Boschma 1931 Sacculina schmitti Boschma 1933 Sacculina scutigera Huang amp Lutzen 1998 Sacculina semistriata van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina senta Boschma 1933 Sacculina serenei Boschma 1954 Sacculina setosa van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina spectabilis Boschma 1948 Sacculina spinosa van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina striata Boschma 1931 Sacculina sulcata van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina surinamensis Boschma 1966 Sacculina teres Boschma 1933 Sacculina teretiuscula Boschma 1931 Sacculina ternatensis Boschma 1950 Sacculina upogebiae Shiino 1943 Sacculina vankampeni Boschma 1931 Sacculina verrucosa van Kampen amp Boschma 1925 Sacculina vieta Boschma 1933 Sacculina weberi Boschma 1931 Sacculina zariquieyi Boschma 1947References edit Thompson J V 1836 Natural history and metamorphosis of an anomalous crustaceous parasite of Carcinus maenas the Sacculina carcini The Entomological Magazine 3 452 456 Ross Piper 2007 Extraordinary animals an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals Westport Conn Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0313339226 OCLC 191846476 Leung Tommy 2016 10 06 Peltogaster sp Parasite of the Day Retrieved 2017 11 30 a b The Parasitic Sacculina That Bends Its Host to Its Own Will Today I Found Out 2013 10 07 Retrieved 2017 11 30 General Parasitology Zimmer Carl 2001 Parasite rex inside the bizarre world of nature s most dangerous creatures 1st Touchstone ed New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 074320011X OCLC 47903774 Sacculina carcini Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 2017 11 30 World Register of Marine Species genus Sacculina Retrieved 2021 09 01 Sources edit Boschma H 1955 The described species of the family Sacculinidae Zoologische Verhandelingen 27 1 1 76 cites many earlier papers by Boschma and others including other sources for the above list Guerin Ganivet J 1911 Contribution a l etude systematique et biologique des Rhizocephales Travaux scientifiques du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de Physiologie Maritimes de Concarneau 3 7 1 97 Gurney R H Rybakov A V Hoeg J T Kuris A M 2006 Sacculina nectocarcini a new species of rhizocephalan a new species of rhizocephalan Cirripedia Rhizocephala parasitising the red rock crab Nectocarcinus integrifrons Decapoda Brachyura Portunidae Decapoda Brachyura Portunidae Zootaxa 1332 37 50 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 1332 1 2 van Kampen Pieter Nicolaas Boschma Hilbrandt 1925 Die rhizocephalen der Siboga expedition in German Leiden Brill OCLC 6845128 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Sacculina Zimmer Carl August 2000 Do Parasites Rule the World Discover Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sacculina amp oldid 1180421755, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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