Samuel Swaim Stewart
Samuel Swaim Stewart (January 8, 1855—April 6, 1898), also known as S. S. Stewart, was a musician, composer, publisher, and manufacturer of banjos.[3] He owned the S. S. Stewart Banjo Company, which was one of the largest banjo manufacturers in the 1890s, manufacturing tens-of-thousands of banjos annually.[4] He also published the S. S. Stewart Banjo and Guitar Journal from 1882 to 1902.[5] He is known today for his efforts to remake the banjo into an instrument of cultural sophistication[6] and for his high-quality banjos.[7] For Stewart, that sophistication included learning to properly sight-read music, so as to be able to play the "proper repertoire" for middle-class citizens.[8]
S. S. Stewart | |
|---|---|
Samuel Swaim Stewart in 1898 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Samuel Swaim Stewart |
| Born | January 8, 1855 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Died | April 6, 1898 (aged 43)[1] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Genres | parlor music, classic-banjo instrumentals |
| Occupation(s) | musical instrument manufacturer, composer, performer |
| Instrument(s) | 5-string banjo,[2] violin,[2] piano, organ, flute |
| Years active | 1878-1898[3] |
Childhood edit
Stewart's father was a physician and "medical director" for Swaim's Panacea, a patent medicine.[9][10] His family was well off and pushed Stewart toward a music career.[11] He began training on the violin when he was 12 under Professor Carl Gaertner.[3][12]
Stewart was inspired to play the banjo by hearing banjoist Lew Simmons play at a concert, when Stewart was a boy.[2] He purchased a tack-head banjo (banjo with skin sound-table nailed to the instrument's head with tacks) to learn to play and was disappointed with the instrument's quality, especially when comparing it to his violin.[3] Although discouraged by his initial banjo experience, he got instruction in 1872 from George C. Dobson of Boston and Joseph Ricket of Philadelphia.[3][13] With his earlier training toward a classical-violin career, he didn't need much musical instruction; he became a good enough player, that after "several lessons, " he himself began teaching others to play.[3][7]
Teaching, publishing and sales career built on standards edit
When Stewart began learning and teaching the banjo, the instrument was embedded in an era of the blackface-minstrel and variety shows.[14] Initially, he taught what was standard for banjo performing repertoire, organizing a minstrel show.[15] Then he took a step away from the minstrel music that was the popular music of its day, embracing European music and society culture and envisioning the banjo in that setting.[15] He pushed European music as proper for the banjo, to make it the equivalent of the violin.[14] In his efforts to change the banjo's image, he was facing an established culture which he considered "vulgar",[8] the banjo frequently being the instrument of the "variety parlors and drinking saloons" and dance halls instead of in middle class homes with ladies and gentlemen.[16] Using his S.S. Stewart's Banjo and Guitar Journal he promoted performances and recitals.[17]
As he began selling his banjos and publishing, Stewart began competing to with his former teacher George Dobson, who had come out with a simplified way of teaching people to play.[8] Dobson's method didn't teach students to read sheet music, and Stewart felt they would be struck at the level of picking out simple songs.[18] He felt students should learn to read sheet music from the beginning so that they could progress into more complex and satisfying songs.[8]
Building an S. S. Stewart banjo edit
Alongside teaching, he began making banjos.[3] His banjo rims were made of a layer of German silver outside of a wooden layer.[19] The silver folded over a wire on top of the wooden rim, and the silver and wire were sandwiched between the wood rim and the skin.[20] Stewart felt that the silver-and-wood combination would produce the best tone, a combination of the silver ring of metal with pure tones from wood.[19] Having arrived at this conclusion, he committed to it, while his competition continued to develop their banjos, which eventually may have reached a quality to surpass his.[21]
His company became a major manufacturer, competing with Lyon and Healy, A. C. Fairbanks and William A. Cole.[22] These men and their companies were producing some of the highest quality banjos of the Classic Era (1880s-1910s).[23][24]
Stewart and his company were part of a larger movement to create the banjo into an instrument of concert halls. Others participating in this movement included Fred Van Eps, Vess Ossman, Frederick J. Bacon, Alfred A. Farland and George W. Gregory.[25] These players were to take on European works by Beethoven, Paganini and Mendelssohn.[25] He associated with some of the better banjo players of his time, including E. M. Hall, Horace Weston, John H. Lee and William A. Huntley, promoting them in his journal and printing their endorsements of his products.[26]
Gallery edit
- Lew Simmons, a 19th century musician who played blackface minstrel music inspired Stewart to learn the banjo
- 1884. Stewart declares the intended venues of his instruments, concert halls, orchestra music and women's parlors.
- S. S. Stewart orchestra banjo #2, at the American Banjo Museum.
- S. S. Stewart’s Little Wonder Piccolo Banjo or Mandolin Banjo
- Stewart designed the Little Wonder piccolo banjo to play very high notes in a banjo orchestra.
- 1883 Advertisement: S. S. Stewart's Presentation Banjo, in Horace Weston's "Seek No Further March" sheet music.
- S. S. Stewart Presentation Banjo from 1884 at the American Banjo Museum
- Headstock a S. S. Stewart Presentation Banjo sn 15667
- Pocahontas carving on neck of a S. S. Stewart Presentation Banjo, depicting Pocahontas
- Rim of layered German silver and wood. Wood here is inlaid. Presentation banjos were meant to be fine works of art.
- Advertisement taking about bass banjos
- S. S. Stewart bass banjo (left) and banjeaurine. Stewart invented the banjeaurine for a higher or lead voice in banjo orchestras
- Signature of Samuel Swaim Stewart
Swain versus Swaim edit
His full name has been written as:
- S. S. Stewart[3]
- Samuel Swain Stewart[27]
- Samuel Swaim Stewart[28]
- Swain Stewart[29]
- Swaim Stewart[9]
- Swaim S. Stewart[30]
- S. Swaim Stewart.[31]
Swain appears on his obituary, on 8 April 1898 in the Philadelphia Times[27] and in the 1860 U.S. census.[29]
Swaim appears on his tombstone,[32] on city directories from his lifetime (including 1879,[33] 1880,[34] 1889,[35]), 1890,[31] 1891,[30] 1892,[36] 1895[37]), his church admission record in 1868,[38] the 1870 U.S. census[9] and US Patent number US355896A.[28]
References edit
- Gura, Philip F. (1999). America's instrument: the banjo in the nineteenth-century. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807824849.
- ^ "S Swaim Stewart Vital • Pennsylvania Deaths and Burials, 1720-1999". familysearch.org.
- ^ a b c Gura, p. 138
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The Late S. S. Stewart". S. S. Stewart's Banjo and Guitar Journal. June–July 1898.
- ^ Gura, p. 3
- ^ Gura, p. 7
- ^ Gura, p. 124, 138
- ^ a b Gura, p. 139
- ^ a b c d Gura, p. 140-141
- ^ a b c "Swain Stewart in the 1870 United States Federal Census". ancestry.com.
- ^ "Swaim's Celebrated Panacea". Terre Haute Weekly Gazette. Terre Haute, Vigo County. 13 June 1878. p. 3.
- ^ Gura, p. 140
- ^ Gura, p. 139-140
- ^ Gura, p. 137
- ^ a b Gura, p. 138, 144, 163
- ^ a b Gura, p. 143-144
- ^ Gura, p. 140-141. 163
- ^ Linn, Karen Elizabeth (Winter 1990). "The "Elevation" of the Banjo in Late Nineteenth-Century America". American Music. 8 (4). University of Illinois Press: 441–464. doi:10.2307/3051763. JSTOR 3051763.
- ^ Gura, p. 119-124
- ^ a b Gura, p. 161-162
- ^ Gura, p. 161-162, 169
- ^ Gura, p. 191-192
- ^ Gura, p. 3, 191-192
- ^ The Classic Era (fourth sign in series) (Display in museum). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: American Banjo Museum. 2020.
what are generally considered collectively to be the finest banjos manufactured during the Classic Era.
- ^ The Classic Era (third sign in series) (Display in museum). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: American Banjo Museum. 2020.
The Classic Era (1880s-1910s)...
- ^ a b The Classic Era (Display inside museum). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: American Banjo Museum. 2020.
- ^ Gura, p. 150-152
- ^ a b "Samuel Swain Stewart Dead". The Philadelphia Times. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 8 April 1898. p. 6.
- ^ a b "S. S. Stewart. Banjo. No. 355896. Patented Jan. 11, 1887" (PDF). United States Patent Office.
SAMUEL SWAIM STEWART OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA...Be it known, that I, SAMUEL SWAIM STEWART, a citizen of the United States, residing in the city and county of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Banjos...
- ^ a b "Swain Stewart in the 1860 United States Federal Census". ancestry.com.
- ^ a b Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1891. Philadelphia: James Gopsill's Sons. 1891. p. 1796.
Stewart Swaim S., mus insts, 223 Church, h 1421 Filbert
- ^ a b Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1890. Philadelphia: James Gopsill's Sons. 1890. p. 1770.
STEWART S. SWAIM, banjos, 831 Arch, h 394 Aspen
- ^ "Samuel Swain Stewart". findagrave.com.
[Note: While the tombstone indicates "S. Swaim Stewart", the website itself uses information from his obituary, which has "Samuel Swain Stewart".]
- ^ Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1879. Philadelphia: James Gopsill. 1879. p. 1551.
Stewart, S. Swaim, music teacher, 831 Arch
- ^ Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1880. Philadelphia: James Gopsill. March 1880. p. 1615.
Stewart, Swaim S., banjos, 223 Church, h 1421 Filbert.
- ^ Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1889. Philadelphia: James Gopsill's Sons. 1889. p. 1716.
Stewart Swaim S., mus insts, 223 Church, h Ardmore
- ^ Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1892. Philadelphia: James Gopsill's Sons. 1892. p. 1853.
Stewart Swaim S., mus insts, 223 Church, h 1421 Filbert
- ^ Gopsill's Philadelphia City Directory, for 1895. Philadelphia: James Gopsill's Sons. 1895. p. 1808.
Stewart S. Swaim, mus insts, 223 Church, h 1421 Filbert
- ^ "Swaim Stewart in the Pennsylvania and New Jersey, U.S., Church and Town Records, 1669-2013". ancestry.com.
External links edit
- Smithsonian Museum, S. S. Stewart banjo