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Robotic materials

May 11, 2024

Robotic materials are composite materials that combine sensing, actuation, computation, and communication in a repeatable or amorphous pattern.[1] Robotic materials can be considered computational metamaterials in that they extend the original definition of a metamaterial[2] as "macroscopic composites having a man-made, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation" by being fully programmable. That is, unlike in a conventional metamaterial, the relationship between a specific excitation and response is governed by sensing, actuation, and a computer program that implements the desired logic.[1]

History edit

The idea of creating materials that embed computation is closely related to the concept of programmable matter, a term coined in 1991[3] by Toffoli and Margolus, describing dense arrays of computing elements that could solve complex finite-element like simulations of material systems, and then later developed to describe a class of materials consisting of identical, mobile building blocks, also known as catoms that are fully reconfigurable, therefore allowing materials to arbitrarily change their physical properties.

Robotic materials build up on the original concept of programmable matter,[3] but focus on the structural properties of the embedding polymers without claim of universal property changes. Here the term "robotic" refers to the confluence of sensing, actuation, and computation, and was coined by Nikolaus Correll and his students in the Science article "Materials that couple sensing, actuation, and computation".[1]

Applications edit

Robotic materials allow to off-load computation inside the material, most notably signal processing that arises during high-bandwidth sensing applications or feedback control that is required by fine-grained distributed actuation. Examples for such applications include camouflage, shape change, load balancing, and robotic skins[4] as well as equipping robots with more autonomy by off-loading some of the signal processing and controls into the material,[5] creating "materials that make robots smart" [6]

Research challenges edit

Research in robotic materials ranges from the device-level and manufacturing to the distributed algorithms that equip robotic materials with intelligence.[7] As such it intersects the fields of composite materials, sensor networks, distributed algorithms, and due to the scale of the involved computation, swarm intelligence. Unlike any individual field, the design of the structure, sensors, actuators, communication infrastructure, and distributed algorithms are tightly intertwined. For example, the material properties of the structural material will affect how signals to be sensed propagate through the material, at which distance computational elements need to be spaced, and what signal processing needs to be done. Similarly, structural properties are closely related to the actual embedding of computing and communication infrastructure. Capturing these effects therefore requires interdisciplinary collaboration between materials, computer science, and robotics.[1] From a material science perspective, a particular challenge lies in materials that enable the instant creation of complex objects and their transfiguration on command. An overview of different approaches for such materials is provided by Kaya et al.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d M. A. McEvoy and N.Correll. Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication, Science Vol. 347 no. 6228 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261689
  2. ^ R. M. Walser, Electromagnetic metamaterials. Proc. SPIE 4467, Complex Mediums II: Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics (San Diego, CA, 2001), pp. 1–15 (2001).
  3. ^ a b T. Toffoli, N. Margolus, Programmable matter: Concepts and realization. Physica D 47, 263–272 (1991). 10.1016/0167-2789(91)90296
  4. ^ Robotic materials: Changing with the world around them, phys.org, March 19, 2015.
  5. ^ Autonomous Materials will let future robots change color and shift shape, Popular Science, March 19, 2015.
  6. ^ Hughes, Dana (2019). "Materials that make robots smart". International Journal of Robotics Research. 38 (12–13): 1338–1351. arXiv:1711.00537. doi:10.1177/0278364919856099.
  7. ^ Materials that Couple Sensing, Actuation, Computation and Communication, Computing Community Consortium (CCC) "Great Innovative Ideas", November 2, 2015.
  8. ^ Kaya, Kerem; Kravchenko, Alexander; Scarpellini, Claudia; Iseri, Emre; Kragic, Danica; van der Wijngaart, Wouter (2023). "Programmable Matter with Free and High-Resolution Transfiguration and Locomotion". Advanced Functional Materials. doi:10.1002/adfm.202307105.

May 11, 2024
robotic, materials, composite, materials, that, combine, sensing, actuation, computation, communication, repeatable, amorphous, pattern, considered, computational, metamaterials, that, they, extend, original, definition, metamaterial, macroscopic, composites, . Robotic materials are composite materials that combine sensing actuation computation and communication in a repeatable or amorphous pattern 1 Robotic materials can be considered computational metamaterials in that they extend the original definition of a metamaterial 2 as macroscopic composites having a man made three dimensional periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination not available in nature of two or more responses to specific excitation by being fully programmable That is unlike in a conventional metamaterial the relationship between a specific excitation and response is governed by sensing actuation and a computer program that implements the desired logic 1 Contents 1 History 2 Applications 3 Research challenges 4 ReferencesHistory editThe idea of creating materials that embed computation is closely related to the concept of programmable matter a term coined in 1991 3 by Toffoli and Margolus describing dense arrays of computing elements that could solve complex finite element like simulations of material systems and then later developed to describe a class of materials consisting of identical mobile building blocks also known as catoms that are fully reconfigurable therefore allowing materials to arbitrarily change their physical properties Robotic materials build up on the original concept of programmable matter 3 but focus on the structural properties of the embedding polymers without claim of universal property changes Here the term robotic refers to the confluence of sensing actuation and computation and was coined by Nikolaus Correll and his students in the Science article Materials that couple sensing actuation and computation 1 Applications editRobotic materials allow to off load computation inside the material most notably signal processing that arises during high bandwidth sensing applications or feedback control that is required by fine grained distributed actuation Examples for such applications include camouflage shape change load balancing and robotic skins 4 as well as equipping robots with more autonomy by off loading some of the signal processing and controls into the material 5 creating materials that make robots smart 6 Research challenges editResearch in robotic materials ranges from the device level and manufacturing to the distributed algorithms that equip robotic materials with intelligence 7 As such it intersects the fields of composite materials sensor networks distributed algorithms and due to the scale of the involved computation swarm intelligence Unlike any individual field the design of the structure sensors actuators communication infrastructure and distributed algorithms are tightly intertwined For example the material properties of the structural material will affect how signals to be sensed propagate through the material at which distance computational elements need to be spaced and what signal processing needs to be done Similarly structural properties are closely related to the actual embedding of computing and communication infrastructure Capturing these effects therefore requires interdisciplinary collaboration between materials computer science and robotics 1 From a material science perspective a particular challenge lies in materials that enable the instant creation of complex objects and their transfiguration on command An overview of different approaches for such materials is provided by Kaya et al 8 References edit a b c d M A McEvoy and N Correll Materials that couple sensing actuation computation and communication Science Vol 347 no 6228 DOI 10 1126 science 1261689 R M Walser Electromagnetic metamaterials Proc SPIE 4467 Complex Mediums II Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics San Diego CA 2001 pp 1 15 2001 a b T Toffoli N Margolus Programmable matter Concepts and realization Physica D 47 263 272 1991 10 1016 0167 2789 91 90296 Robotic materials Changing with the world around them phys org March 19 2015 Autonomous Materials will let future robots change color and shift shape Popular Science March 19 2015 Hughes Dana 2019 Materials that make robots smart International Journal of Robotics Research 38 12 13 1338 1351 arXiv 1711 00537 doi 10 1177 0278364919856099 Materials that Couple Sensing Actuation Computation and Communication Computing Community Consortium CCC Great Innovative Ideas November 2 2015 Kaya Kerem Kravchenko Alexander Scarpellini Claudia Iseri Emre Kragic Danica van der Wijngaart Wouter 2023 Programmable Matter with Free and High Resolution Transfiguration and Locomotion Advanced Functional Materials doi 10 1002 adfm 202307105 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robotic materials amp oldid 1193592222, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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