A Retisol is a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).[1] Retisols are characterized by clay migration and an additional specific feature: The clay-poorer and lighter coloured eluvial horizon intercalates netlike into the clay-richer more intensely coloured illuvial horizon. The illuvial horizon is the diagnostic argic horizon, and the intercalation is called retic properties (Latin: rete = net).
Retisols were newly introduced with the third edition of the WRB in 2014. They include the narrower defined Albeluvisols[2] of the first and second edition (1998 and 2006), which were abolished in 2014. The definition of the Retisols resembles the definition of the Podzoluvisols of the Legend (1974) and the Revised Legend (1988) of the FAO soil classification.
Bt/E – intercalating eluvial/illuvial horizon (argic horizon with retic properties)
Bt – horizon that gained clay (illuvial horizon, argic horizon)
C – more or less unweathered material (parent material)
Occurrence and useedit
Retisols occur mainly in periglacial areas of the last glaciation in Europe and North America. In Europe, they are found along a belt from Belgium through northern Germany, Poland and Belarus to Russia. Because the very specific retic properties are not so widespread, they normally do not cover larger areas.
Most Retisols are dominated by high-activity clays and show a low base saturation. Many are used as forest[3] or pasture land. Especially their physical conditions are not good for agriculture. The topsoils are often poor in clay minerals and iron oxides. In the subsoil, the rainwater runs downwards predominantly in the clay-poorer parts, whereas the clay-richer and therefore also nutrient-richer parts are often insufficiently humid. The clay-richer parts are relatively dense and difficult to be rooted. These characteristics make the Retisols also unattractive for many soil animals, especially earthworms. Retisols have typically sandy or siltytopsoils that are prone to erosion.
Relationships with other Reference Soil Groupsedit
The WRB defines five Reference soil Groups with a compulsory argic horizon. Only the Retisols have retic properties. The other four are differentiated according to the cation exchange capacity per kg clay at pH 7 (CEC / kg clay) in the argic horizon and according to the base saturation calculated per sum of exchangeable cations (BSeff) in the subsoil. For Luvisols both values are high. Alisols have a high CEC and a low BS. Lixisols have a low CEC and a high BS. For Acrisols both values are low. Soils with an argic horizon and retic properties that are dominated by stagnant water are classified as Retic Stagnosols.
Referencesedit
^IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). "World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition" (PDF). International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.
^W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Böden der Welt. 2. Auflage. Springer-Spektrum, Heidelberg 2014, ISBN978-3-642-36574-4.
^W.E.H. Blum, P. Schad, S. Nortcliff: Essentials of Soil Science. Soil formation, functions, use and classification (World Reference Base, WRB). Borntraeger Science Publishers, Stuttgart 2018. ISBN978-3-443-01090-4
Further readingedit
W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 3.3.4. ISBN978-3-540-30460-9
External linksedit
profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils
April 11, 2024
retisol, reference, soil, group, world, reference, base, soil, resources, characterized, clay, migration, additional, specific, feature, clay, poorer, lighter, coloured, eluvial, horizon, intercalates, netlike, into, clay, richer, more, intensely, coloured, il. A Retisol is a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources WRB 1 Retisols are characterized by clay migration and an additional specific feature The clay poorer and lighter coloured eluvial horizon intercalates netlike into the clay richer more intensely coloured illuvial horizon The illuvial horizon is the diagnostic argic horizon and the intercalation is called retic properties Latin rete net Retisols were newly introduced with the third edition of the WRB in 2014 They include the narrower defined Albeluvisols 2 of the first and second edition 1998 and 2006 which were abolished in 2014 The definition of the Retisols resembles the definition of the Podzoluvisols of the Legend 1974 and the Revised Legend 1988 of the FAO soil classification Contents 1 Horizonation 2 Occurrence and use 3 Relationships with other Reference Soil Groups 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHorizonation editA typical horizon sequence according to Annex 3 of the WRB is A mineral topsoil usually with relatively low organic matter concentrations E horizon that lost clay eluvial horizon Bt E intercalating eluvial illuvial horizon argic horizon with retic properties Bt horizon that gained clay illuvial horizon argic horizon C more or less unweathered material parent material Occurrence and use editRetisols occur mainly in periglacial areas of the last glaciation in Europe and North America In Europe they are found along a belt from Belgium through northern Germany Poland and Belarus to Russia Because the very specific retic properties are not so widespread they normally do not cover larger areas Most Retisols are dominated by high activity clays and show a low base saturation Many are used as forest 3 or pasture land Especially their physical conditions are not good for agriculture The topsoils are often poor in clay minerals and iron oxides In the subsoil the rainwater runs downwards predominantly in the clay poorer parts whereas the clay richer and therefore also nutrient richer parts are often insufficiently humid The clay richer parts are relatively dense and difficult to be rooted These characteristics make the Retisols also unattractive for many soil animals especially earthworms Retisols have typically sandy or silty topsoils that are prone to erosion Relationships with other Reference Soil Groups editThe WRB defines five Reference soil Groups with a compulsory argic horizon Only the Retisols have retic properties The other four are differentiated according to the cation exchange capacity per kg clay at pH 7 CEC kg clay in the argic horizon and according to the base saturation calculated per sum of exchangeable cations BSeff in the subsoil For Luvisols both values are high Alisols have a high CEC and a low BS Lixisols have a low CEC and a high BS For Acrisols both values are low Soils with an argic horizon and retic properties that are dominated by stagnant water are classified as Retic Stagnosols References edit IUSS Working Group WRB 2022 World Reference Base for Soil Resources fourth edition PDF International Union of Soil Sciences Vienna W Zech P Schad G Hintermaier Erhard Boden der Welt 2 Auflage Springer Spektrum Heidelberg 2014 ISBN 978 3 642 36574 4 W E H Blum P Schad S Nortcliff Essentials of Soil Science Soil formation functions use and classification World Reference Base WRB Borntraeger Science Publishers Stuttgart 2018 ISBN 978 3 443 01090 4Further reading editW Zech P Schad G Hintermaier Erhard Soils of the World Springer Berlin 2022 Chapter 3 3 4 ISBN 978 3 540 30460 9External links editprofile photos with classification WRB homepage profile photos with classification IUSS World of Soils Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Retisol amp oldid 1170806281, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
